Barter system: The oldest form of money system, where goods and services were exchanged directly for other goods and services without the use of money.
Cowrie shells: Cowrie shells were used as currency in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. The shells were valued for their beauty, durability, and rarity.
Commodity money: This system involved the use of valuable commodities, such as salt, spices, and precious metals (such as gold), as a medium of exchange. The value of the commodity was determined by its scarcity and desirability.
Grain-based systems: In ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, grain was often used as a form of currency. Farmers would pay their taxes in grain, and grain would be used to pay wages to workers.
Coinage: The use of coins as a medium of exchange emerged in ancient Greece and spread throughout the Roman Empire. Coins were typically made of precious metals, such as gold and silver, and their value was determined by their weight and purity.
One of the concentrated risk aggregations in any school district, college, university and technical school, athletic venues and university-affiliated healthcare systems, rests in the food preparation units. On a typical large research university there are hundreds of kitchens in dormitories, student unions, athletic venues, hospitals and — to a surprising degree — kitchen facilities are showing up in classroom buildings. Kitchens that used to be located on the periphery of campus and run by private industry are now moving into instructional spaces and operated by private food service vendors.
Food preparation facilities present safety challenges that are on the same scale as district energy plants, athletic concession units, media production facilities and hospital operating rooms. There are 20 accredited standards setting organizations administering leading practice discovery in this space. Some of them concerned with fire safety; others concerned with energy conservation in kitchens, still others concerned with sanitation. The International Kitchen Exhaust Cleaning Association is one of the first names in this space and maintains an accessible standards development home page; linked below:
The IKECA catalog of titles establish a standard of care for cleaning activity that fills gaps in related ASHRAE, ASME, ICC and NFPA titles. For example:
IKECA I10 Standard for the Methodology for Inspection of Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems
IKECA C10 Standard for the Methodology for Cleaning Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems
We encourage subject matter experts in food enterprises in the education industry to communicate directly with John Dixon at IKCEA (jdixon@fernley.com) or Elizabeth Franks, (215) 320-3876, information@ikeca.org, International Kitchen Exhaust Cleaning Association, 100 North 20th Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
We are happy to get specific about how the IKECA suite contributes to lower education community cost during our Food teleconferences. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.
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“The morning cup of coffee has an exhilaration about it which the cheering influence of the afternoon or evening cup of tea cannot be expected to reproduce.” – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, 1858)
Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
As the U.S. member body to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) encourages its members and relevant stakeholders to participate in discovering standardization solutions in a broad range of technologies and markets with like-minded experts in other national standards bodies. The full sweep of ANSI’s participation in consensus documents developed by the ISO is described in the link below:
Today we revisit a product familiar to daily life at home and in business: coffee. The ISO administers leading practice discovery and promulgation in the global coffee value chain through parent Technical Committee 34 (TC34) with the Association Française de Normalisation as the global Secretariat with the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas as the twinned Secretariat*. Subcommittee 15 oversees standardization in the field of coffee and coffee products, covering the coffee chain from green coffee to consumption, in particular. Standardization includes terminology, sampling, test methods and analysis, product specifications and requirements for packaging, storage and transportation
Roasted ground coffee — Determination of moisture content
The Secretariats for this subcommittee is currently held by Colombia (ICONTEC) but, with ANSI announcing in 2019 that it is relinquishing its role as the US Technical Advisory Group Administrator in 2019, there has been no US stakeholder participating. In 2019 ANSI posted an invitation for another US-based stakeholder to assume the voice of the United States:
Apart from the passion that young people have for fair trade in any market, we see this as an opportunity for faculty and students to gain insight into the geo-politics of food supply generally and the subtleties of coffee markets. Business schools, agricultural colleges, international studies program developers who may be, and should be, interested in a leadership opportunity on behalf of the United States should communicate directly with ANSI’s ISO Team ((isot@ansi.org).
We devotes an hour every month to review public commenting opportunities on all international standards. The work products of TC 34 appears on the standing agenda of both our Global and Food teleconferences. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting.
El 25 de septiembre de 1968, la recién creada División Técnica del Ministerio de Agricultura se encargó de coordinar con ICONTEC y con el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), la elaboración de proyectos sobre normas y calidad de productos e insumos agropecuarios pic.twitter.com/NnADEKmx6f
En el marco de la entrega del certificado ISO 9001:2015, nos encontramos en la @URosario haciendo parte del panel “La calidad integrada en las instituciones de educación superior” con la presencia de nuestro Director Ejecutivo Roberto Enrique Montoya Villa. pic.twitter.com/Z6GM3edMst
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwBpic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
