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Floor & Pathway Safety

“Weather is fate”

— Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

“Road to Versailles at Louveciennes” 1869 Camille Pissarro

Today and its Slip and Fall season everywhere. Accordingly, at the usual hour, we review best practice literature for the safety and sustainability of the surfaces beneath our feet; with special focus on the risk aggregation in educational estates.

Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977)

Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces

Related coverage:

Heat tracing is a process used to maintain or raise the temperature of pipes and vessels in order to prevent freezing, maintain process temperature, or ensure that products remain fluid and flow through the system properly.

Heat tracing works by using an electric heating cable or tape that is wrapped around the pipe or vessel, and then insulated to help retain the heat. The heating cable is connected to a power source and temperature control system that maintains the desired temperature by regulating the amount of heat output from the cable. Heat tracing is commonly used in industrial applications where temperature control is critical, such as in chemical plants, refineries, and oil and gas facilities.

There are several types of heat tracing, including electric heat tracing, steam tracing, and hot water tracing, each of which have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. The selection of the appropriate type of heat tracing depends on the specific application and the required temperature range, as well as factors such as cost, maintenance, and safety considerations.

The literature for snow and ice management (and enjoyment) produced by these standards-setting organizations:

Accredited Snow Contractors Association

American Society of Civil Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM International

FM Global

Destructive Deep Freeze Strikes Cold and Hot Regions Alike

Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

Electrical Heat Tracing: International Harmonization — Now and in the Future

International Code Council

International Building Code: Chapter 15 Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures

National Electrical Contractors Association

National Fire Protection Association

Winter is Coming: Is Your Facility Protected? (Holly Burgess, November 2022)

National Electrical Code: Articles 426-427

National Floor Safety Institute

Snow and Ice Management Association

Underwriters Laboratories

Manufacturers:

Chromalox Electrical Heat Tracing Systems Design Guide


It is a surprisingly large domain with market-makers in every dimension of safety and sustainability; all of whom are bound by state and federal regulations.

Join us at 16:00 UTC with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.


There have been several recent innovations that have made it possible for construction activity to continue through cold winter months. Some of the most notable ones include:

  1. Heated Job Site Trailers: These trailers are equipped with heating systems that keep workers warm and comfortable while they take breaks or work on plans. This helps to keep morale up and prevent cold-related health issues.
  2. Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs): ICFs are prefabricated blocks made of foam insulation that are stacked together to form the walls of a building. The foam insulation provides an extra layer of insulation to keep the building warm during cold winter months.
  3. Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA): WMA is a type of asphalt that is designed to be used in colder temperatures than traditional hot-mix asphalt. This allows road construction crews to work through the winter months without having to worry about the asphalt cooling and becoming unusable.
  4. Pneumatic Heaters: These heaters are used to warm up the ground before concrete is poured. This helps to prevent the concrete from freezing and becoming damaged during the winter months.
  5. Electrically Heated Mats: These mats are placed on the ground to prevent snow and ice from accumulating. This helps to make the job site safer and easier to work on during the winter months.

Overall, these innovations have made it possible for construction crews to work through the winter months more comfortably and safely, which has helped to keep projects on schedule and minimize delays.

Somewhat related:

Why so much slip and fall attorney advertisements after SCOTUS Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)

Electrical heat tracing: international harmonization-now and in the future

 

 

 

Butter

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Snow Load Calculator

“Among famous traitors of history one might mention the weather.”

Ilka Chase, The Varied Airs of Spring

 

Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-22)

ASCE Hazard Tool

Quick & Dirty Snow Load Calculator

Call for public proposals for the 2028 edition

Structural Design

 

 

Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces

Prevention of Slips, Trips and Falls

“Winterlandschaft” | Aert van der Neer (1655)

The mission of the National Floor Safety Institute (NFSI) is to aid in the prevention of slips, trips-and-falls through education, research, and standards development.  NFSI provides a wide range of services including independent product testing and certification, educational training, and standards development.   Its consensus product library is linked below:

Our Standards

We track several NFSI products for the education facility industry; one of which is linked below:

B101.6 STANDARD GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL ENTRANCE MATTING IN REDUCING SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS.

At the moment the 2012 edition linked above appears to be the current version.   User-interests in the education facility industry — custodial mangers and staff, for example –are encouraged to communicate directly with Russell Kendzior at NFSI, P.O. Box 92607, Southlake, TX 76092, (817) 749-1700, russk@nfsi.org.

Brigham Young University

There are several accredited standards developers in this space and our algorithm tracks them all.  We place this product suite on the standing agenda of our monthly Interior Fixture & Hygiene online meeting; open to everyone.  Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page to log in.

Issue: [18-193]

Category: Risk Management, Interior Fixtures & Hygiene, Facility Asset Management

Colleagues:  John Lawter, Richard Robben

 

More:

Floor Safety

NFSI Board of Directors Terminates Relationship with ANSI, January 31, 2020

 

Details

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International Standard Classification of Education

“Etudes Graphiques” | Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890

“I am not an Athenian or a Greek,

but a citizen of the world.”

— (Plato quoting Socrates, Phaedo 64a)

 

ISCED 2011 is an updated version of the previous classification, ISCED 1997, and provides a framework for organizing education programs according to their level of complexity and content. The classification is designed to facilitate the comparison of education systems across countries and regions, and to improve the collection, reporting, and analysis of education statistics.

ISCED 2011 introduces several changes and updates, such as the introduction of a new level of education called “early childhood education,” the expansion of the tertiary education level to include short-cycle tertiary education, and the inclusion of a separate category for vocational education at the secondary level. The classification also includes detailed descriptions of the content and characteristics of each education level, as well as guidelines for classifying educational programs that do not fit neatly into the existing categories.

ISCED 2011 is widely used by national and international organizations, including UNESCO, to collect and report education data, and it provides a common language for discussing education across borders.



Global Consistency in Presenting Construction & Life Cycle Costs

Research from the World Economic Forum has shown that improvements in the design and construction process can be achieved by using international standards like ICMS to gain comparable and consistent data. ICMS provides a high-level structure and format for classifying, defining, measuring, recording, analysing and presenting construction and other life-cycle costs.

CLICK ON IMAGE


Traditional Irish Soda Bread

Ballymaloe Cookery School is situated on a 100-acre organic farm in County Kerry.  It produces the freshest vegetables, fruit, meat and dairy products, all of which are used in the kitchen every day. We teach a diverse range of cooking styles but the fundamental message we pass on to our students is the importance of putting time and effort into sourcing the highest-quality ingredients.

Kerry College of Further Education

Detailed recipe with variants

National Standards Authority of Ireland

Illumination 200

“The Schoolgirl Reading by Lamplight” 1917 | Nikolai Bogdanov-Belsky

Replacing oil and natural gas lighting, the first practical electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879.  Joseph W. Swan filed a similar Electric Lamp Patent in 1880.  One of the first large-scale installations of electric lighting was at the Savoy Theatre in London in 1881, which was followed by the installation of electric lights in the Palace of Westminster in 1882. By the 1890s, electric lighting had become more widespread and affordable.

Opticks: or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflexions and colours of light | Sir Isaac Newton 1704

The widespread transition to LED lighting in buildings began in the early 2010s. While LED technology had been available since the 1960s, it wasn’t until the 2000s that the technology improved to the point where LED lighting was cost-effective and efficient enough to replace traditional lighting technologies like incandescent and fluorescent lighting.  In addition to their energy efficiency, LED lights also have a longer lifespan than traditional lighting technologies, which makes them more cost-effective over the long term.

What is light?

Today we refresh our understanding of the moment in illumination technologies.  Illumination technology was the original inspiration for the electric utility industry; providing night-time security and transforming every sector of every economy on earth.  Lighting load remains the largest component of any building’s electric load — about 35 percent– making it a large target for energy regulations.  We are organizing our approach to this topic during 2023:

Illumination 100.  Survey of illumination standards catalogs

Illumination 200.  Interior illumination including industrial and laboratory occupancies

USPTO: Thomas Edison’s Patent Application for the Light Bulb (1880)

Amir Adibi: Light Bulb Patent: The Evolution of Illumination Technology

IEEE: Energy Optimization in Consumer Lightings: An IoT-Based Adaptive Control Mode

Illumination 300.  Exterior illumination with emphasis on pathways

Illumination 400.  Sport lighting, interior and exterior

Illumination 500.  Advanced topics including relevant legislation and noteworthy litigation.

Except jankiness well into 2025.  We have been doing this work since 1993 — starting with the National Electrical Code — and getting the topic organized into manageable segments will be a challenge.

Today our inquiry begins with selections from the following documents:

International Electrotechnical Commission TC 34 Lighting

IEC 60364 Electrical Installations in Buildings

Electrical installations and Protection Against Electric Shock

2023 National Electrical Safety Code

IEEE P3001.9 – Recommended Practice for the Design of Power Systems Supplying Lighting Systems in Commercial and Industrial Facilities (under development)

Institution of Engineering and Technology: Recommendations for Energy-efficient Exterior Lighting Systems

2023 National Electrical Code: Article 410

2019 ASHRAE 90.1: Chapter 9 Lighting

Illumination Engineering Society: Various titles

ISO/TC 274 Light and lighting

…and about 20 other accredited, consortia or ad hoc standards developers and publishers aligned principally with vertical incumbents.  Illumination was the original inspiration (i.e. the first “killer app”) for the electrical power industry in every nation.  Its best practice literature reflects a fast-moving, shape-changing domain.

Click in today with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.

Upper Wharfedale Primary Federation School District Yorkshire Dales

More

International Commission on Illumination

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Lighting Systems Division Standards

National Electrical Contractors Association

Standard for Installing Indoor Commercial Lighting Systems (NECA500-06PDF)

Standard for Installing Exterior Lighting Systems (NECA501-06PDF)

Standard for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems (NECA502-06PDF)

Representative Specifications

Sam Houston State University | Division 26500 Interior and Exterior Lighting

University of Delaware | Division 265100 Interior Lighting

Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo | Division 265100 Interior Lighting

Lighting Calculations

Illumination Art

“Starry Night Over the Rhône” 1888 Vincent van Gogh

 

I often think that the night is more alive

and more richly colored than the day.

– Vincent van Gogh

 

The International Commission on Illumination — is devoted to worldwide cooperation and the exchange of information on all matters relating to the science and art of light and lighting, colour and vision, photobiology and image technology.  The landing page for its standards setting enterprise is linked below:

International Standards

With strong technical, scientific and cultural foundations, the CIE is an independent, non-profit organization that serves member countries on a voluntary basis. Since its inception in 1913, the CIE has become a professional organization and has been accepted as representing the best authority on the subject and as such is recognized by ISO as an international standardization body.

Illumination technologies influence designs in architectural design, public safety and energy economics in all education communities.   We find CIE titles referenced in ISO and IEC standards.  Because ISO and IEC standards are incorporated by referenced in the best practice literature published by standards setting organizations in every nation with a private standards setting body (such as ANSI, BSI, DIN, etc.) the CIE titles are worthy of our attention.

We only have resources to track a few of them:

ISO/CIE 20086:2019(E) Light and Lighting — Energy Performance of Lighting in Buildings

ISO 30061:2007(E)/CIE S 020/E:2007 Emergency Lighting

CIE S 015/E:2005 Lighting of outdoor work places

ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001 Lighting of Work Places – Part 1: Indoor

There are others that we may track in the fullness of time.  Getting illumination technology right is subtle art.  The energy to drive normal, steady-state illumination usually consumes 25 to 40 percent of building energy but application of the art — which includes control — can reduce that.

We maintain CIE titles on our periodic Energy, Global, Interiors and Illumination colloquia.  See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.

Yorkshire Dales

LEARN MORE:

Workspace / Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

 

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