The February 19, 2025 webinar hosted by Duke University’s Nicholas Institute for Energy, Environment & Sustainability explored how the U.S. power grid can accommodate rapid new electricity demand from data centers, AI, manufacturing, and EVs with minimal new generation and transmission infrastructure. The study focused on the 22 largest U.S. balancing authorities (covering ~95% of national load) and emphasized load flexibility as a practical near-term solution.
Three Main Takeaways:
- Load flexibility is a critical tool to support economic growth while maintaining grid reliability and affordability. Large customers can temporarily curtail or shift usage during periods of grid stress, reducing the need for costly infrastructure expansions.
- Up to nearly 100 GW of new large loads could be added with minimal impact. Using “curtailment-enabled headroom,” the grid could accommodate approximately 100 GW of additional load if customers allow an average curtailment of just 0.5% of maximum uptime per year (roughly two hours during peak events). Sensitivity cases ranged from 76 GW (at 0.25% curtailment) to 126 GW (at 1%).
- The required curtailment time is comparable to existing demand-response programs already operating successfully across the United States and would not be overly burdensome for large users such as data centers.
Additional Insights: The U.S. power system already has significant built-in headroom because it is designed for rare peak events. Leveraging modest flexibility from new loads can unlock this capacity quickly, enabling faster integration of high-growth loads while keeping costs lower for ratepayers. Overall, the session advocated shifting from a traditional “build more supply” mindset toward greater use of demand-side flexibility to balance rapid load growth with reliability, affordability, and decarbonization goals.
