Department of Architecture, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract: This paper delineates the spatial characteristic of key-Christian church in Taipei metropolitan area from 1930s till 2010s. It compares and analyzes the transformation of spatial configuration corresponding to different sects and time periods. The dataset contains the spatial networks of 13 Christian churches including single and cluster building types of Presbyterian church, Chinese Baptist Convention and Taiwan Lutheran church. Applying measures in social network analysis, it attempts to understand the differences and similarities of spatial networks, especially on the churches of the same sect or same era, and to compare them with the prototype case. In other words, this paper illustrates the transformation of spatial organization of Christian churches in Taipei Taiwan during the past 80 years.
Requiem, Op. 9: Duruflé’s “Requiem” is his most renowned composition. It incorporates the Gregorian Chant melodies for the “Dies Irae” and “In Paradisum” sections. While not hymns in the traditional sense, these chants are significant components of the Catholic liturgy.
Four Motets on Gregorian Themes, Op. 10: In this choral composition, Duruflé takes inspiration from Gregorian Chant and includes pieces such as “Ubi caritas et amor” and “Tota pulchra es.” These are not hymns but rather choral settings of Latin liturgical texts.
Fugue on the Theme of the “Carillon des Heures de la Cathédrale de Soissons”: This composition for organ is based on a hymn-like theme, although it is not a hymn in the traditional sense. It showcases Duruflé’s skill as an organist and composer.
Prelude on the Introit of the Epiphany (for organ): Duruflé composed this piece for organ, incorporating the Gregorian Chant “O Lux Beata Trinitas,” which is associated with the Epiphany in the liturgical calendar.
Rooibos tea, also known as red bush tea, is a popular herbal tea that is native to South Africa. It is made from the leaves of the Aspalathus linearis plant, which is found only in the Western Cape region of South Africa.
The plant grows in a microclimate where it is exposed to a combination of hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters, which gives it its distinctive flavor and aroma. It is used in cooking and baking, and can be found in a variety of products, including desserts, skincare products, and even beer.
“Monday morning” as a concept since the modern idea of weekdays, including Monday as the start of the workweek, is a relatively recent development. In ancient times, different cultures had their own systems for organizing time, often based on astronomical or religious cycles rather than the structured workweek we’re familiar with today.
From ancient writings, however, we learn about the start of the week in various contexts. For instance, in Greco-Roman literature, there are numerous references to the beginning of the day and the importance of starting tasks early. Additionally, certain religious texts, such as the Bible, may contain references to the first day of the week, which could be interpreted in a similar context to Monday.
“No matter where you are in the world,
you are at home when tea is served.”
– Earlene Grey
There is an American way for drinking tea, a British way of drinking tea, a Japanese way of drinking tea and so forth and so on. However, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) section ISO 3103 concludes upon an “international way” of drinking tea. The ISO even created a standard on how to run a standard organization. Their goal for this standard, no matter where you are in the world, is to have one way to play it safe in terms of making tea. To maintain consistent results, the following are recommendations given by the standard:
The pot should be white porcelain or glazed earthenware and have a partly serrated edge. It should have a lid that fits loosely inside the pot.
If a large pot is used, it should hold a maximum of 310 ml (±8 ml) and must weigh 200 g (±10 g).
If a small pot is used, it should hold a maximum of 150 ml (±4 ml) and must weigh 118 g (±10 g).
2 grams of tea (measured to ±2% accuracy) per 100 ml boiling water is placed into the pot.
Freshly boiling water is poured into the pot to within 4-6 mm of the brim.
The water should be similar to the drinking water where the tea will be consumed
Brewing time is six minutes.
The brewed tea is then poured into a white porcelain or glazed earthenware bowl.
If a large bowl is used, it must have a capacity of 380 ml and weigh 200 g (±20 g)
If a small bowl is used, it must have a capacity of 200 ml and weigh 105 g (±20 g)
If the test involves milk, then it can be added before or after pouring the infused tea.
Milk added after the pouring of tea is best tasted when the liquid is between 65 – 80 °C.
5 ml of milk for the large bowl, or 2.5 ml for the small bowl, is used.
If you travel out of the country and are not informed on the countries traditions and practices for drinking tea, according to the ISO, you can’t go wrong by using the above standards. Their standards does not make your way of making tea wrong. It just sets a default and reproducible cup for everyone to make.
There are several universities around the world that specialize in tea research. Some of the most well-known include:
University of North Carolina at Greensboro (USA): The UNCG has a Center for Applied Research in Tea and is dedicated to tea research in the areas of health, culture, and sustainability.
Huazhong Agricultural University (China): Huazhong Agricultural University has a Tea Science Institute that conducts research in the areas of tea breeding, tea processing, tea quality, and tea culture.
University of Shizuoka (Japan): The University of Shizuoka has a Faculty of Agriculture that includes a Department of Tea Science, which conducts research in the areas of tea production, processing, and quality.
University of Darjeeling (India): The University of Darjeeling has a Department of Tea Science and Technology that offers courses in tea science and conducts research in the areas of tea cultivation, processing, and marketing.
University of Colombo (Sri Lanka): The University of Colombo has a Department of Plant Sciences that conducts research in the areas of tea breeding, cultivation, and processing.
Anhui Agricultural University (China): Anhui Agricultural University has a Tea Research Institute that conducts research in the areas of tea breeding, cultivation, processing, and marketing.
Harmonization of the Tune: “All People That on Earth Do Dwell” is set to the tune “Old Hundredth,” which is one of the most well-known hymn tunes and dates back to the 16th century. Vaughan Williams created a notable harmonization of this tune for the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. His arrangement brought a fresh and majestic quality to the already beloved hymn, making it suitable for grand ceremonial occasions.
Orchestration for the Coronation Service: Vaughan Williams not only harmonized the hymn but also orchestrated it for a full choir and orchestra for the coronation service. This orchestration enhanced the hymn’s grandeur and was used during the recessional at the end of the service, leaving a lasting impression on the attendees and listeners.
Influence on Hymnody: Vaughan Williams’ work on “All People That on Earth Do Dwell” is part of his broader impact on hymnody. Through his contributions, including this specific harmonization and orchestration, he helped to elevate and modernize hymn singing within the Anglican tradition and beyond.
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwBpic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
