Abstract. Insights into the history and future of western civilization are found by applying information theory to the acoustical communication channel (ACC) of its worship spaces. Properties of the ACC have both influenced and reflected the choice of message coding (e.g., speech or music) at various times. Speech coding is efficient for acoustically dry ACCs, but hopeless for highly time-dispersive ACCs. Music coding is appropriate for time dispersive (reverberant) ACCs. The ACCs of synagogues, early Christian house churches, and many Protestant churches are relatively acoustically “dry” and thus well suited to spoken liturgies.
The spoken liturgy, dominant in synagogues, was carried over to early Christian churches, but became unworkable in Constantinian cathedrals and was largely replaced with a musical liturgy. After a millennium, the cathedral acoustic was altered to suit the doctrinal needs of reformation churches with its renewed emphasis on the spoken word. Worship forms continue to change, and the changes are reflected in the properties of the ACC. The pulpits of electronic churches may be evolving into radio and television performance spaces and naves into worshipers’ living rooms.
Water is essential for sanitation and hygiene — and proper sanitation is essential for protecting water sources from contamination and ensuring access to safe drinking water. Access to safe water and sanitation is crucial for preventing the spread of waterborne diseases, which can be transmitted through contaminated water sources or poor sanitation practices. Lack of access to safe water and sanitation can lead to a range of health problems, including diarrheal diseases, cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A.
On the other hand, poor sanitation practices, such as open defecation, can contaminate water sources, making them unsafe for drinking, bathing, or cooking. This contamination can lead to the spread of diseases and illness, particularly in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation facilities may be limited.
We track the catalog of the following ANSI accredited standards developers that necessarily require mastery of building premise water systems:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: ASHRAE develops standards related to heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration systems — and more recently, standards that claim jurisdiction over building sites.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers: ASME develops standards related to boilers, pressure vessels, and piping systems.
American Water Works Association: AWWA is a standards development organization that publishes a wide range of standards related to water supply, treatment, distribution, and storage.
ASTM International: ASTM develops and publishes voluntary consensus standards for various industries, including water-related standards. They cover topics such as water quality, water sampling, and water treatment.
National Fire Protection Association: NFPA develops fire safety standards, and some of their standards are related to water, such as those covering fire sprinkler systems and water supplies for firefighting within and outside buildings. We deal with the specific problems of sprinkler water system safety during our Prometheus colloquia.
National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International): NSF International develops standards and conducts testing and certification for various products related to public health and safety, including standards for water treatment systems and products.
Underwriters Laboratories (UL): UL is a safety consulting and certification company that develops standards for various industries. They have standards related to water treatment systems, plumbing products, and fire protection systems.
‘Weird, totally unnecessary, and absurd’ — UVA students raise concerns over tampon dispensers in men’s restrooms
* The evolution of building interior water systems has undergone significant changes over time to meet the evolving needs of society. Initially, water systems were rudimentary, primarily consisting of manually operated pumps and gravity-fed distribution systems. Water was manually fetched from wells or nearby sources, and indoor plumbing was virtually nonexistent.
The Industrial Revolution brought advancements in plumbing technology. The introduction of pressurized water systems and cast-iron pipes allowed for the centralized distribution of water within buildings. Separate pipes for hot and cold water became common, enabling more convenient access to water for various purposes. Additionally, the development of flush toilets and sewage systems improved sanitation and hygiene standards.
In the mid-20th century, the advent of plastic pipes, such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride), revolutionized plumbing systems. These pipes offered durability, flexibility, and ease of installation, allowing for faster and more cost-effective construction.
The latter part of the 20th century witnessed a growing focus on water conservation and environmental sustainability. Low-flow fixtures, such as toilets, faucets, and showerheads, were introduced to reduce water consumption without compromising functionality. Greywater recycling systems emerged, allowing the reuse of water from sinks, showers, and laundry for non-potable purposes like irrigation.
With the advancement of digital technology, smart water systems have emerged in recent years. These systems integrate sensors, meters, and automated controls to monitor and manage water usage, detect leaks, and optimize water distribution within buildings. Smart technologies provide real-time data, enabling better water management, energy efficiency, and cost savings.
The future of building interior water systems is likely to focus on further improving efficiency, sustainability, and water quality. Innovations may include enhanced water purification techniques, decentralized water treatment systems, and increased integration of smart technologies to create more intelligent and sustainable water systems.
The first mover in building interior water supply systems can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. However, one of the earliest known examples of sophisticated indoor plumbing systems can be attributed to the ancient Romans.
The Romans were pioneers in constructing elaborate water supply and distribution networks within their cities. They developed aqueducts to transport water from distant sources to urban centers, allowing for a centralized water supply. The water was then distributed through a network of lead or clay pipes to public fountains, baths, and private residences.
One notable example of Roman plumbing ingenuity is the city of Pompeii, which was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. The excavation of Pompeii revealed a well-preserved plumbing system that included indoor plumbing in some houses. These systems featured piped water, private bathrooms with flushing toilets, and even hot and cold water systems.
The Romans also invented the concept of the cloaca maxima, an ancient sewer system that collected and transported wastewater away from the city to nearby bodies of water. This early recognition of the importance of sanitation and wastewater management was a significant advancement in public health.
While the Romans were not the only ancient civilization to develop indoor plumbing systems, their engineering prowess and widespread implementation of water supply and sanitation infrastructure make them a key player in the history of building interior water systems.
“Mother with Child” | Leon Jean Basile Perrault 1894
Mother’s Day is celebrated on different days in different countries and regions. However, here is a list of some countries and the dates:
United States: Second Sunday in May United Kingdom: Fourth Sunday in Lent Australia: Second Sunday in May Canada: Second Sunday in May New Zealand: Second Sunday in May India: Second Sunday in May Mexico: May 10th Japan: Second Sunday in May France: Last Sunday in May or First Sunday in June Germany: Second Sunday in May Italy: Second Sunday in May Brazil: Second Sunday in May Egypt, Mother’s Day is celebrated on March 21st. Israel, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the 30th day of the Jewish month of Shvat, which usually falls in February. India, Mother’s Day is not an official holiday, but it is celebrated on the second Sunday of May, the same as in the United States. Japan, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May, but it is not a public holiday. South Africa, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May, the same as in the United States. Thailand, Mother’s Day is celebrated on August 12th, which is the birthday of Queen Sirikit, the current queen consort of Thailand.
“Some of my favorite places to spend my dining points are at the Coffee Club’s two locations on campus. I frequently trek down to the modern New College West (NCW) storefront that overlooks Poe Field before an afternoon of studying. I also love the quaint café at Campus Club, with its homey vibe and frequent musical performances. Typically, I go for the basic, predictable iced vanilla latte. However, Coffee Club seasonally experiments with its menu and releases temporary items that reflect the weather, holidays, or mood of the campus….” Isabella Dail
As reading period and exams begin, here are some favorite spots for students to study, catch up with friends or simply have a quiet moment.
Woodrow Wilson’s tenure as U.S. President (1913–1921) significantly weakened the constitutional republic designed by the Founders. As a Princeton professor and political scientist, Wilson openly rejected the Founders’ system of separated powers, limited government, and federalism. He viewed the Constitution as outdated and inefficient for the modern age, preferring rule by expert administrators in a powerful central state.
In office he advanced this vision through:
• The Federal Reserve Act (1913) – centralizing monetary power • The 16th Amendment income tax – funding vast federal expansion • Espionage and Sedition Acts – suppressing free speech • Racial segregation of the federal workforce • Aggressive push for the League of Nations, undermining American sovereignty
These changes shifted power from Congress and the states to the executive branch and unelected bureaucracy, creating the foundations of today’s administrative state. Wilson’s academic background made this outcome predictable: college progressives of his era distrusted “inefficient” constitutional restraints and placed faith in enlightened elites. His presidency proved that such intellectual contempt for the Founders’ republic inevitably leads to concentrated power and eroded liberties.
Furthermore, Wilson was an enthusiastic “eugenicist” supporting compulsory sterilization legislation aimed at preventing reproduction of people considered to be genetically inferior; including African-Americans whom he discouraged entering Princeton. Ironically, President Barack Obama was one of Wilson’s intellectual disciples — promoting activist federal government, expert-led reform, internationalism and the elevation of race into all public discourse.
University of Chicago Law School Lecturer: 1992-2004 President of the United States: 2009 – 2017
The Bachelor of Science in Family and Consumer Sciences at Colorado State University prepares students to enhance individual, family, and community well-being through an interdisciplinary curriculum. The program offers two concentrations: Family and Consumer Sciences Education and Interdisciplinary FCS. The Education concentration trains students to become licensed middle or high school teachers, meeting Colorado’s teaching licensure requirements and boasting high job placement rates.
The Interdisciplinary concentration provides a broad foundation for careers in areas like counseling, advocacy, or community services, focusing on skills such as resource management, nutrition, and interpersonal relationships. Students engage in hands-on learning, including internships and student teaching, and benefit from nationally recognized faculty and professional development opportunities. The curriculum covers topics like personal finance, family systems, and wellness, equipping graduates to address real-world challenges. CSU’s program is accredited by the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, and students can pursue certification through the same organization.
“One of the Family” 1880 | Frederick George Cotman
With a focus on leadership and civic engagement, the FCS degree ensures graduates are ready to make meaningful societal impacts. Scholarships and flexible online options are available, enhancing accessibility.
Neil Brown Jr. married his prom date—they’ve been together for 30 years, married for 25, and have two sons. True high school sweethearts, now in their mid-40s. Get them on a marriage podcast! They fully embraced the idea that marrying early is leveling up not “settling down.” pic.twitter.com/HAnagFEaHA
North Dakota has a strong rural, conservative identity* that many residents value, and concerns about preserving that amid population shifts are common. While discouraging specific groups based on politics could veer into unethical or illegal territory, here are some legal, community-focused strategies citizens might use to emphasize the state’s unique character and potentially make it less appealing to those seeking urban amenities or progressive policies that destroyed the cities they flee.
Advocate for policies that reinforce rural priorities Residents can lobby for state laws that prioritize agriculture, energy production (like oil and coal), and low-density development. For example, supporting zoning restrictions that limit high-rise buildings or large-scale urban sprawl could maintain the open spaces and small-town feel.
Promote cultural and lifestyle differences publicly Through social media, local newspapers, or community forums, highlight the realities of North Dakota life—harsh winters, limited public transit, fewer entertainment options, and a focus on self-reliance. Sharing stories or campaigns about why urban transplants might struggle can naturally filter out those expecting city conveniences.
Strengthen local conservative networks Organize or join groups like the North Dakota Republican Party, farm bureaus, or hunting/fishing clubs to amplify voices on issues like Second Amendment rights, low taxes, and minimal government intervention. Hosting events that celebrate these values might signal to potential movers that the political climate leans heavily one way.
Support economic incentives tied to traditional industries Push for tax breaks or programs that favor farming, ranching, and fossil fuels over tech or service sectors that attract urban professionals. This could slow the influx of people seeking remote work opportunities in “progressive” fields.
Engage in voter initiatives and education Citizens can campaign for ballot measures that protect against perceived urban influences, such as limits on property taxes or environmental regulations. Educating newcomers on local customs and expectations through welcome packets or town halls could also subtly encourage those who don’t align to reconsider.
Keep in mind that migration is often driven by jobs, family, or quality of life, and North Dakota has seen growth from various sources. If the goal is preservation rather than exclusion, focusing on positive community building might be more effective than deterrence.
*Personal responsibility, limited government, fiscal parsimony
This week, NDSU is hosting the state Future Farmers of America (FFA) convention with over 1,000 students from across North Dakota. We’re excited to have these future Bison on campus as students soon! 🤘🚜#NDSUpic.twitter.com/OoMmrpHim9
— North Dakota State University (@NDSU) June 5, 2024
It’s actually good to see college kids on Spring Break drinking & socializing instead of playing video games alone in their room on a macrodose edible.
See the clip that caused your grandma to email me & call me a “disgusting person” here: pic.twitter.com/E00Xqx06Wy
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwBpic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
