Category Archives: Reliability

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Reliability

SDC3006_Power_System_Reliability_WG_Minutes_2024-05-20

WG Meeting Agenda August 2024_final


Indiana University Internet Archive: “A Mathematical Theory of Reliability” by Richard E. Barlow and Frank Proschan (1965)

This paper introduced the concept of reliability theory and established a mathematical framework for analyzing system reliability in terms of lumped parameters. It defined important concepts such as coherent systems, minimal cut sets, and minimal path sets, which are still widely used in reliability engineering.

IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

“Railroad Sunset” | Edward Hopper

We are tooling up to update the failure rate tables of IEEE 493 Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems; collaborating with project leaders but contributing to an essential part of the data design engineers use for scaling their power system designs.  The project is in its early stages.  We are formulating approaches about how to gather data for assemble a statistically significant data set.

Today we introduce the project which will require harvesting power reliability statistics from any and all educational settlements willing to share their data.  As the links before demonstrate, we have worked in this domain for many years.

Join us with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.

 

2017 National Electrical Code § 110.5

2028 National Electrical Safety Code

Reliability Analysis for Power to Fire Pumps

Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources


“On the Mathematical Theory of Risk and Some Problems in Distribution-Free Statistics” by Frank Proschan (1963): This paper introduced the concept of increasing failure rate (IFR) and decreasing failure rate (DFR) distributions, which are crucial in reliability modeling and analysis.

“Reliability Models for Multiple Failures in Redundant Systems” by John F. Meyer (1965): This paper addressed the problem of reliability analysis for redundant systems, which are systems with multiple components designed to provide backup in case of failure.

“Reliability of Systems in Series and in Parallel” by A. T. Bharucha-Reid (1960): This work analyzed the reliability of systems composed of components arranged in series and parallel configurations, which are fundamental building blocks of more complex systems.

“A Stochastic Model for the Reliability of Modular Software Systems” by John E. Gaffney, Jr. and Thomas A. Dueck (1980): This paper introduced one of the earliest models for software reliability, extending the concepts of reliability theory to the field of software engineering.

“Redundancy Techniques for Computing Systems” by John von Neumann (1956): This report by the pioneering computer scientist John von Neumann explored the use of redundancy techniques, such as triple modular redundancy, to improve the reliability of computing systems.

North American Electric Grid Reliability Standards

 

 

 

Standards, Compliance, and Enforcement Bulletin June 26–July 4, 2023

Complete Set of Reliability Standards for the Bulk Electric Systems of North America: June 30, 2023 Update

Electrical Resource Adequacy

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Reliability Analysis for Power to Fire Pumps

Reliability Analysis for Power to Fire Pump Using Fault Tree and RBD

Robert Schuerger | HP Critical Facilities (Project Lead, Corresponding Author) 

Robert Arno | ITT Excelis Information Systems

Neal Dowling | MTechnology

Michael  A. Anthony | University of Michigan

 

Abstract:  One of the most common questions in the early stages of designing a new facility is whether the normal utility supply to a fire pump is reliable enough to “tap ahead of the main” or whether the fire pump supply is so unreliable that it must have an emergency power source, typically an on-site generator. Apart from the obligation to meet life safety objectives, it is not uncommon that capital on the order of 100000to1 million is at stake for a fire pump backup source. Until now, that decision has only been answered with intuition – using a combination of utility outage history and anecdotes about what has worked before. There are processes for making the decision about whether a facility needs a second source of power using quantitative analysis. Fault tree analysis and reliability block diagram are two quantitative methods used in reliability engineering for assessing risk. This paper will use a simple one line for the power to a fire pump to show how each of these techniques can be used to calculate the reliability of electric power to a fire pump. This paper will also discuss the strengths and weakness of the two methods. The hope is that these methods will begin tracking in the National Fire Protection Association documents that deal with fire pump power sources and can be used as another tool to inform design engineers and authorities having jurisdiction about public safety and property protection. These methods will enlighten decisions about the relative cost of risk control with quantitative information about the incremental cost of additional 9’s of operational availability.

 

 

CLICK HERE to order complete paper

Power Distribution Reliability Indices

Maysville Community and Technical College

The IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee (IEEE E&H) tracks campus power outages (as a research project) because many large research universities own and operate power generation and delivery enterprises that run upwards of 100 megawatts — i.e. at a scale that exceeds many municipal and cooperative electrical power utilities that are regulated by state utility commissions.   It has been estimated that power outages on a large research university campus — some with a daily population of 10,000 to 100,000 students, faculty and staff — have an effective cost of $100,000 to $1,ooo,ooo per minute.   

The IEEE E&H Committee uses  IEEE 1366 Guide for Electrical Power Distribution Reliability Indices — as a template for exploring performance metrics of large customer-owned power systems.  Respected voices in the IEEE disagree on many concepts that appear in it but, for the moment, it is the most authoritative consensus document produced by the IEEE Standards Association at the moment. 

According to IEEE Standards Association due processes, a revision to the 2012 version is now at the start of its developmental trajectory:

IEEE 1366 – 2022 Revision

IEEE P1366 PAR Revision Approval   

We will depend upon the IEEE E&H Committee to keep us informed about issues that will affect campus power purchasing contracts.  (There is a fair amount of runway ahead of us.)  Conversely,  no IEEE technical committee ignores “war stories” and solid reliability performance data.   We dedicate one hour every month to electrical power standards.  See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.

Issue: [11-54]

Category: Electrical, Energy

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Robert G. Arno, Neal Dowling, Jim Harvey, Kane Howard, Robert S. Schuerger

Enhancing Reliability of Power Systems through IIoT

Current Issues and Recent Research

Campus Power Reliability

This content is accessible to paid subscribers. To view it please enter your password below or send mike@standardsmichigan.com a request for subscription details.

Reliability of Emergency & Standby Power Systems

This content is accessible to paid subscribers. To view it please enter your password below or send mike@standardsmichigan.com a request for subscription details.

Maintenance & Reliability of Campus Power Systems

Many design guidelines, construction, and facility management service contracts continue to reference the IEEE Color Books as the standard of care for industrial and commercial power systems even though the Color Books are being sunsetted and replaced by the IEEE 3000 Standards Collection™.   This needs to change.  Technical content that used to reside within articulated chapters in the Color Books is now being updated and spun off (by IEEE industrial and commercial power system engineers) into smaller, faster-moving consensus documents; similar to the consensus documents produced by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Several “dot standards” with candidate revisions are now open for public review[1]; among them IEEE 3006.3 Recommended Practice for Determining the Impact of Preventative Maintenance on the Reliability of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.   This recommended practice describes how to determine the impact of preventive maintenance on the reliability of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.

IEEE 3006.3 is among several other dot standards that are now open for public review:  ANSI Standards Action | PDF Pages 13-18.   We focus on power system maintenance ahead of the 2018 football season because the safety and success of these events depends upon reliable power; and reliable power depends upon appropriate maintenance.

Comments are due October 16, 2018.  There are several ways to participate in the revision process.

  • Communicate directly with IEEE Standards Association for a review copy.  Contact: Pat Roder (p.roder@ieee.org).
  • Submit your comments on the IEEE-SA Public Review landing page.
  • Join the bi-weekly teleconferences of the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee where discussion about resource allocation toward campus power system maintenance in service of reliability is a standing item.  The IEEE E&H committee has several years of campus power system outage data which is in the process of being refined for use by education industry electrical engineers; similar to the formal treatment given to the reliability indices in the care of IEEE Distribution Reliability Working Group.[2]

All IEEE standards are on the standing agenda of the Standards Michigan Open Agenda teleconference — every Wednesday, 11 AM Eastern time.  Login information is available at the top-right of our home page.

Issue: [18-235]

Category: Electrical, Public Safety, Risk Management

Contact: Mike Anthony, Robert Arno, Neil Dowling, Jim Harvey, Robert Schuerger

 


[1] ANSI Standards Action | PDF Pages 13-18.

[2] IEEE 1366 Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability Indices is used in many jurisdictions for benchmarking regulated public utility power system reliability.

 

 

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