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Community Risk Assessment

First Draft Meeting Minutes | January 13, 2026

Château de Meudon

We have advocated education community risk management concepts since 2007; primarily in NFPA Standard 1300 — Standard on Community Risk Assessment and Community Risk Reduction Plan Development (formerly NFPA 1600).  The content of this title is close-coupled with FEMA’s National Incident Management System.   

Recently the National Fire Protection Association Standards Council moved to consolidate its community risk management titles as described below.  

“NFPA 1660 is in a custom cycle due to the Emergency Response and Responder Safety Document Consolidation Plan (consolidation plan) as approved by the NFPA Standards Council.  As part of the consolidation plan, NFPA 1660 (combining Standards NFPA 1600, NFPA 1616, and NFPA 1620) is open for public input with a closing date of November 13, 2020.”

Thus, NFPA 1600 is being sunsetted as a separate consensus product, its substance rolled into the new NFPA 1660.  CLICK HERE for the new landing page for NFPA 1660.

Two links below provide a sense of the back-and-forth in the technical committee meetings:

1600_F2018_EMB_AAA_FD_PIResponses

1600_F2018_EMB_AAA_SRReport

Discussion about school and university security are noteworthy.

As described on its title page, this product will be reconfigured as NFPA 1660 Standard on Community Risk Assessment, Pre-Incident Planning, Mass Evacuation, Sheltering, and Re-entry Programs.   The title suggests that NFPA 1660 is being developed to meet market need for conformance and teaching tools.  You may track movement in the concepts in the links below; many of them administrative:

Emergency Management and Business Continuity

Mass Evacuation and Sheltering

Pre-Incident Planning 

NFPA 1660 will likely require one or two more revision cycles to stabilize

Public consultation on the Second Draft (NITMAM) closes September 9th.  You may submit public input directly to NFPA by CLICKING HERE.  We will have hosted several Security colloquia ahead of this deadline during which we will drill into technical and policy specifics.

University of Tennessee

 

We maintain this title on our periodic Security, Disaster and Risk colloquia during which time  our thoughts on the economic burden of the expanding constellation of risk management standards will be known.  Thoughts that we are reluctant to write.   See our  CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.

Issue: [13-58] and [18-151]

Category: Security, Risk

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Robert G. Arno, Jim Harvey, Richard Robben

MORE >> Disaster Resiliency and NFPA Codes and Standards

ARCHIVE / Emergency Management and Business Continuity

 

Data Center Wiring

The bookwheel, also known as a revolving bookcase, was invented by an Italian scholar and polymath named Agostino Ramelli. Ramelli was born in 1531 in Ponte Tresa, a town in present-day Italy, and he lived during the Renaissance period.

Ramelli’s invention, described in his work titled “Le diverse et artificiose machine del capitano Agostino Ramelli” (The Various and Ingenious Machines of Captain Agostino Ramelli), was published in 1588. This book showcased a collection of 195 mechanical devices.  

Ramelli’s work contributed to the growing interest in mechanical inventions during the Renaissance period. His bookwheel design remains a fascinating example of early engineering and ingenuity, highlighting the desire for knowledge and practical solutions in the pursuit of learning and scholarly endeavors.

2026 NEC Articles 645-646-647 Information Technology Equipment, et. al First Draft Report

2026 NEC Articles 645-646-647 Information Technology Equipment, et. al Second Draft Report

“Bookwheel” Early Data Center

The standard of care for wiring safety for data centers —  a continually expanding presence in education communities even before the pandemic  — is established in National Electrical Code Articles 645 (Information Technology Equipment), Article 646 (Modular Data Centers) and Article 647 (Sensitive Electronic Equipment).   You will notice that these articles cover the topic comprehensively and bear the imprint of competing Producer-Interest groups.  There are no User-Interest representatives on Code-Making Panel 12 that represent the final fiduciary in education communities even though education communities are one of the largest markets for information and communication technology systems.

The current version of NFPA 70 is linked below:

2026 National Electrical Code

2023 National Electrical Code

Transcripts  of technical committee action during the 2026 revision (CMP-16) are linked below because they will inform our recommendations for the 2026 National Electrical Code.  Keep in mind that the Technical Correlating Committee is moving content around the Code in order to make the NEC easier to use by experts.

CMP-16 First Draft Report | Public Input with Committee Response 

CMP-16 Second Draft Report

The transcripts of technical committee action during the 2023 revision are linked below because they will inform our recommendations for the 2026 National Electrical Code.

Code‐Making Panel 12 Public Input Report

Code-Making Panel 12 Public Comment Report

National Electrical Code CMP-12

We will use these in our exploration of what we might propose for improvements in the 2026 revision.  Public comment on the First Draft of the 2026 Edition will be received until August 28th.

The issues that have been in play in these articles of the NEC are familiar to veterans of the “food fight” – occupancy classification, cable specifications, fire protection, ventilation, energy consumption, surge protection, licensing of engineers. etc.  We look for market-making excesses by opposing stakeholders that seek to limit their risk while raising the (financial) risk to education communities.

We encourage our colleagues to participate in the NFPA code development process directly.  We also encourage stakeholders in education communities — students, faculty and staff  to join us during any of the teleconferences we co-host with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee 4 times monthly in both European and American time zones.   See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting.

"One day ladies will take their computers for walks in the park and tell each other, "My little computer said such a funny thing this morning" - Alan Turing

 

Related standards:

NFPA 75: Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment

2024 International Building Code: Special Detailed Requirements Based on Occupancy and Use

2024 International Building Code: Section 304.1 Business Group B

National Electrical Definitions

NFPA Glossary of Terms

International Building Code Chapter 2: Definitions

International Electrotechnical Commission: Electropedia

Because electrotechnology changes continually, definitions (vocabulary) in its best practice literature changes continually; not unlike any language on earth that adapts to the moment and place.

The changes reflect changes in technology or changes in how the technology works in practice; even how the manufacturers create adaptations to field conditions by combining functions.   Any smart electrical component has a digital language embedded in it, for example.

Consider the 2023 National Electrical Code.  Apart from many others the NEC will contain a major change to Article 100 (Definitions); the subject of elevated debate over the past three years.

When we refer “language” we must distinguish between formal language, informal language, colloquial language and dialect which may differ the language spoken, language written at the office and language used on the job site.  “Terms of art”

2026 National Electrical Code | CMP-1 Second Draft Report 

FREE ACCESS: 2020 National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

2023 NEC Public Input Report CMP-1 (868 pages)

2023 NEC Second Draft Public Comment Report (914 pages)

Are these terms (or, “terms of art”) best understood in context (upstream articles in Chapters 4 through 8) — or should they be adjudicated by the 14 Principals of Code Making Panel 1?   The answer will arrive in the fullness of time.   Many changes to the National Electrical Code require more than one cycle to stabilize.

Code Making Panel 1 has always been the heaviest of all NEC panels.  As explained n our ABOUT, the University of Michigan held a vote in CMP-1 for 20+ years (11 revision cycles) before moving to the healthcare facilities committee for the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee.  Standards Michigan continues its involvement on behalf of the US education facility industry — the second largest building construction market.  There is no other pure user-interest voice on any technical committee; although in some cases consulting companies are retained for special purposes.

To serve the purpose of making NFPA 70 more “useable” we respect the Standards Council decision to make this change if it contributes to the viability of the NFPA business model.  We get to say this because no other trade association comes close to having as enduring and as strong a voice:  NFPA stands above all other US-based SDO’s in fairness and consideration of its constituency.  The electrical safety community in the United States is a mighty tough crowd.

If the change does not work, or work well enough, nothing should prohibit reversing the trend toward “re-centralizing” — or “de-centralizing” the definitions.

Public comment on the First Draft of the 2026 Edition will be received until August 28, 2024. 

Technical Committees meet during the last half of October to respond to public comment on the First Draft of the 2026 National Electrical Code. 

Electrical Contractor: Round 1 of the 2023 NEC: A summary of proposed changes (Mark Earley, July 15, 2021)

Electrical Contractor: 2023 Code Article and Definition Revisions: Accepting (NEC) change, part 2 (Mark Earley, March 15, 2022)

Lamb & Mint

Home

Lamb & mint: A classic pairing

Facilities Services

 

Hot Cross Buns & Eagle Coffee

Hot Cross Buns | Nursery Rhymes | Super Simple Songs

Hot cross buns (Library of Congress) are a traditional Easter treat dating back centuries, symbolizing both the end of Lent and the crucifixion of Jesus. These spiced sweet buns, often containing raisins or currants and marked with a cross on top, are typically eaten on Good Friday.

The cross represents the crucifixion, while the spices symbolize the spices used to embalm Jesus. Sharing hot cross buns fosters community and reflects on the religious significance of Easter, marking a solemn yet celebratory time in Christian tradition.

Link to Dining Services specialty at the Mean Greens Cafe at Maple Street Hall and recipes in other education settlement traditions.

Eagle Cafe  | Eagle Cawfee

 

Texas Croissants & Wyoming Cowboy Coffee

Microwave Brown Rice Bowl

Institute of Culinary Education: Hot Cross Buns

Weston College: Perfect Hot Cross Bun Recipe

Algonquin College: A Sweet Easter Tradition

 

Commercial Kitchens

Kitchen Wiring

Kitchen Exhaust

Food hygiene practices: Ergonomics versus safety

Ventilation for Commercial Cooking Operations

Hot Cross Buns

Colloquy (April)

Gallery: Doctoral Dissertations

About

American School and University: Northern Kentucky University plans to expand its main science research building

Gallery: Easter Bonnet Parades

2029 National Electrical Code

Public input on the 2029 Revision will be received until April 9th. Over the next weeks and months — typically meeting twice a day every Tuesday — we will pull forward our previous proposals and draft original proposals relevant to the education and healthcare electrotechnical infrastructure of educational settlements.  Link to Proposed Reorganization.

[Mike will be downloading a PDF of all proposals ASAP)

2029 National Electrical Code Panel 1

2029 National Electrical Code Panel 3

 

Photo at 2723 State Street Office*

Mike was part of the National Electrical Code Quarter Century Club but was at another conference and not able to receive the award at the June conference.  University of Michigan support began in 1993.  IEEE support began in 2014.

*New Office (a short walk across the street) starting October 1: 455 East Eisenhower, Ann Arbor, MI 48108

Current Issues and Recent Research

Today we examine Second Draft transcripts of the Special Equipment Chapter 6 (CMP-12) and product inspection, testing and certification listings that appear Annex A (CMP-1).

 

Once every eighteen months we spend a week drilling into the National Electrical Code by submitting new proposals or comments on proposed revisions.  Today we review the actions taken by the technical committees on the First Draft.   Responses to committee actions will be received until August 26th.

2026 National Electrical Code Workspace

Premise Wiring

Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources “Microgrids”

National Electrical Definitions

Kitchen Wiring

Solarvoltaic PV Systems

Hospital Plug Load

Data Center Wiring

Electrical Inspector Professional Qualifications

Critical Operations Power Systems

Arenas, Lecture Halls & Theaters

Appliances

Emergency and Standby Power Systems

Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps

Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System

Art, Design & Fashion Studios

Wiring for Luminaires in High Ceiling Occupancies

Southern Ice Cream

Standards Mississippi

University of Mississippi Financial Statement 2023: $1.207B

🍧

US Department of Agriculture | § 58.2825 United States Standard for ice cream.

Southern ice cream often differs from ice cream in other regions of the U.S. in several ways, reflecting regional tastes, ingredients, and traditions:

  1. Flavors and Ingredients:
    • Pecans and Pralines: Southern ice cream frequently incorporates pecans and pralines, which are popular in the region.
    • Peaches: Georgia is known for its peaches, so peach-flavored ice cream is a Southern staple.
    • Sweet Tea and Bourbon: These flavors are inspired by Southern beverages and can be found in ice creams.
    • Buttermilk: Buttermilk ice cream has a tangy flavor and is a nod to traditional Southern cooking.
  2. Style and Texture:
    • Custard Base: Southern ice cream often uses a custard base, which includes egg yolks, giving it a richer and creamier texture compared to the typical Philadelphia-style ice cream that uses a simpler cream and sugar base.
    • Churned at Home: Traditional Southern ice cream is often made using hand-cranked ice cream makers, producing a different texture and incorporating more air, which can make it lighter and fluffier.
  3. Historical Influence:
    • Cultural Heritage: The South’s diverse cultural heritage influences its ice cream, with recipes passed down through generations and reflecting African American, Native American, and European influences.
  4. Popular Brands and Shops:
    • Regional Brands: Brands like Blue Bell, which originated in Texas, are particularly popular in the South and known for their classic Southern flavors.
    • Local Shops: Small, local ice cream parlors in the South often offer unique, homemade flavors that highlight regional ingredients and traditions.

These differences highlight the South’s rich culinary traditions and how they extend even to sweet treats like ice cream.

University of Mississippi | Lafayette County

William Faulkner Home: Rowan Oak

University Ave Pizza

Standards North Dakota

North Dakota

While there isn’t a universally standardized pizza that everyone agrees upon, certain types of pizza have become iconic and widely recognized. Some of these include:

Margherita Pizza: This classic pizza features tomato sauce, fresh mozzarella cheese, fresh basil, and a drizzle of olive oil. It’s named after Queen Margherita of Italy.

Pepperoni Pizza: Topped with tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, and slices of pepperoni (a cured pork and beef sausage).

Margarita Pizza: Similar to the Margherita, but without the basil. It typically has tomato sauce, fresh mozzarella, and sometimes a drizzle of olive oil.

Neapolitan Pizza: This style originated in Naples, Italy. It has a thin, soft, and chewy crust with simple and fresh ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, mozzarella, fresh basil, and olive oil.

New York Style Pizza: Characterized by its large, foldable slices with a thin and flexible crust. It’s often topped with tomato sauce and mozzarella cheese.

Chicago Deep-Dish Pizza: Known for its thick crust, this pizza has layers of cheese, toppings, and tomato sauce. It’s baked in a deep pan, resulting in a substantial and hearty pizza.

Sicilian Pizza: Square-shaped and thick-crusted, Sicilian pizza is often topped with tomato sauce, mozzarella, and various toppings.

California Pizza: Often associated with innovative and non-traditional toppings, California-style pizza might include ingredients like barbecue chicken, goat cheese, arugula, and more.

North Dakota doesn’t have one iconic, universally recognized “official” pizza style that the whole country talks about. The state is more known for hearty, loaded, comfort-food pizzas that reflect Midwestern tastes — generous toppings, practical portions, and creative local twists. Pizza here often leans toward heavily topped pies (think “the more toppings, the better”), with locals frequently praising places that pile on ingredients rather than keeping things minimalist.

Overall, North Dakota pizza is more about satisfying, no-fuss, topping-heavy eats that pair perfectly with cold winters than about rigid “style” rules.

 

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