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History of Western Civilization Told Through the Acoustics of its Worship Spaces

Abstract. Insights into the history and future of western civilization are found by applying information theory to the acoustical communication channel (ACC) of its worship spaces. Properties of the ACC have both influenced and reflected the choice of message coding (e.g., speech or music) at various times. Speech coding is efficient for acoustically dry ACCs, but hopeless for highly time-dispersive ACCs. Music coding is appropriate for time dispersive (reverberant) ACCs. The ACCs of synagogues, early Christian house churches, and many Protestant churches are relatively acoustically “dry” and thus well suited to spoken liturgies.

The spoken liturgy, dominant in synagogues, was carried over to early Christian churches, but became unworkable in Constantinian cathedrals and was largely replaced with a musical liturgy. After a millennium, the cathedral acoustic was altered to suit the doctrinal needs of reformation churches with its renewed emphasis on the spoken word. Worship forms continue to change, and the changes are reflected in the properties of the ACC. The pulpits of electronic churches may be evolving into radio and television performance spaces and naves into worshipers’ living rooms.

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"Shenandoah" | King's College Choirhttps://t.co/VRpzzKPoKA @ChoirOfKingsCam https://t.co/1arQmfueQ0 pic.twitter.com/QcyPr56n52

— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) September 10, 2023

Evensong “How Do You Keep the Music Playing?”

Sacred Spaces

National Youth Choir of Scotland “Love Divine”

The Art of Harmony

“Music is often called a universal language.

Why can we listen to Mozart’s sonatas or Bach’s compositions a thousand times and still find joy?

Music’s layers of meaning are inexhaustible. Even centuries later, these masterpieces continue to teach us about… pic.twitter.com/Pq8SHCRpub

— Peterson Academy (@petersonacademy) November 23, 2024

Du froid

“Weather is fate”

— Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu

“Road to Versailles at Louveciennes” 1869 Camille Pissarro

Heat tracing is a process used to maintain or raise the temperature of pipes and vessels in order to prevent freezing, maintain process temperature, or ensure that products remain fluid and flow through the system properly. Without electric heat tracing; much of the earth would be uninhabitable.

Heat tracing works by using an electric heating cable or tape that is wrapped around the pipe or vessel, and then insulated to help retain the heat. The heating cable is connected to a power source and temperature control system that maintains the desired temperature by regulating the amount of heat output from the cable. Heat tracing is commonly used in industrial applications where temperature control is critical, such as in chemical plants, refineries, and oil and gas facilities.

There are several types of heat tracing, including electric heat tracing, steam tracing, and hot water tracing, each of which have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. The selection of the appropriate type of heat tracing depends on the specific application and the required temperature range, as well as factors such as cost, maintenance, and safety considerations.

Heat Tracing for Piping Specification | NECA Standards (N.B. Link unstable)

2026 NEC CMP-17 Public Input Report | 2026 NEC CMP-17 Second Draft Report

Northern Michigan University | Marquette County

Capturing snow flakes as the fall out of the sky

[📹 Dmitry Dotsenko / dots_foto]pic.twitter.com/e3rwNUGLmK

— Massimo (@Rainmaker1973) January 29, 2025

Today we review the literature for snow and ice management (and enjoyment) produced by these standards-setting organizations:

Accredited Snow Contractors Association

American Society of Civil Engineers

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM International

FM Global

Destructive Deep Freeze Strikes Cold and Hot Regions Alike

Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers

Electrical Heat Tracing: International Harmonization — Now and in the Future

Indiana University.

The most beautiful college campus in the country covered in snow. pic.twitter.com/Tp33cQgKuq

— Alex Paul Photo (@alexpaulphoto) January 11, 2025

International Code Council

International Building Code: Chapter 15 Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures

National Electrical Contractors Association

National Fire Protection Association

Winter is Coming: Is Your Facility Protected? (Holly Burgess, November 2022)

National Electrical Code: Articles 426-427

National Floor Safety Institute

Snow and Ice Management Association

Underwriters Laboratories

Manufacturers:

Chromalox Electrical Heat Tracing Systems Design Guide

It is a surprisingly large domain with market-makers in every dimension of safety and sustainability; all of whom are bound by state and federal regulations.

Join us at 16:00 UTC with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.

Red surely made the most of his snow day! 🛷 ☃️

Who’s team snow on campus? ❄️ pic.twitter.com/F03KX1XyaR

— The Catholic University of America (@CatholicUniv) January 14, 2025

There have been several recent innovations that have made it possible for construction activity to continue through cold winter months. Some of the most notable ones include:

Heated Job Site Trailers: These trailers are equipped with heating systems that keep workers warm and comfortable while they take breaks or work on plans. This helps to keep morale up and prevent cold-related health issues.
Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs): ICFs are prefabricated blocks made of foam insulation that are stacked together to form the walls of a building. The foam insulation provides an extra layer of insulation to keep the building warm during cold winter months.
Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA): WMA is a type of asphalt that is designed to be used in colder temperatures than traditional hot-mix asphalt. This allows road construction crews to work through the winter months without having to worry about the asphalt cooling and becoming unusable.
Pneumatic Heaters: These heaters are used to warm up the ground before concrete is poured. This helps to prevent the concrete from freezing and becoming damaged during the winter months.
Electrically Heated Mats: These mats are placed on the ground to prevent snow and ice from accumulating. This helps to make the job site safer and easier to work on during the winter months.

Overall, these innovations have made it possible for construction crews to work through the winter months more comfortably and safely, which has helped to keep projects on schedule and minimize delays.

Somewhat related:

Why so much slip and fall attorney advertisements after SCOTUS Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)

Capturing snow flakes as the fall out of the sky

[📹 Dmitry Dotsenko / dots_foto]pic.twitter.com/e3rwNUGLmK

— Massimo (@Rainmaker1973) January 29, 2025

Map showing what states can actually drive in snow pic.twitter.com/qgKEhLtKbr

— Midwest vs. Everybody (@midwestern_ope) February 7, 2025

Clearing a Path on Campus

Standards Ohio

Fireplace Lounges

Facilities Operations and Development | Office of Student Life: How to Operate a Fire Extinguisher

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Student Life Facilities

Standards Ohio

Fireplace Safety

Why Are So Many Women Not Having Children?

Inglenook

“Season of Light Illumination”

IES Standards in Public Review

Relevant Titles & Open Consultations

Rightsizing Electrical Power Systems

Heat Transfer

Tyme

“Tyme” was used in Middle English and earlier forms of the language, and it was commonly found in historical texts, poetry, and manuscripts of that time. It was used to refer to the passage of time, an era, or a specific moment in history.

“Steam alarm clock with a polyphonic whistle” 2004 Jacek Yerka

Today at 16:00 UTC we refresh our understanding of the technical standards for the timing-systems that maintain the temporal framework for daily life in education communities. The campus clock continues as a monument of beauty and structure even though digitization of everything has rendered the central community clock redundant.

Most leading practice discovery (and innovation) is happening with the Network Time Protocols (NTP) that synchronize the time stamps of widely separated data centers. In operation since before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use and underlies the Internet of Things build out. NTP is particularly important in maintaining accurate time stamps for safety system coordination and for time stamps on email log messages.

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