Stray Voltage: Sources and Solutions

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Stray Voltage: Sources and Solutions

March 5, 2026
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Michigan State University

 

Stray Voltage: Sources and Solutions

Truman C. Surbrook – Norman D. Reese – Angela M. Kehrle

 

Abstract.  Stray voltage is caused by voltage drop and ground faults and may have its origin on the primary electrical distribution system or on the customer’s secondary electrical system. The rms value of the neutral-to-earth voltage along a primary distribution line may be at a value of zero some distance from the substation depending on the condition of the conductor resistances, grounding resistances, and the amount of load. Neutral-to-earth resistance is not the cause of stray voltage; however, the value of this resistance to earth at a particular location will affect the level of stray voltage. A four-wire single-phase feeder system supplying farm buildings from a single metering point is effective in preventing on-farm secondary neutral voltage drop, provided the four-wire system is extended to all farm loads, and provided no high-magnitude ground faults are present. Isolation of the primary and secondary neutral systems at the distribution transformer is effective in preventing off-farm sources from entering the customer’s system. This separation may be accomplished using a number of commercially available devices.

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Clearance Envelopes

March 4, 2026
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We revisit first principles regarding the a safety “buffer zone” enforced by code to make high-voltage infrastructure compatible with surrounding development. Ignoring it risks lives, property, and legal issues—hence the detailed regulatory focus on design (calculations), construction (compliance checks), and management (lifetime enforcement), especially critical around expansive campus boundaries. Often these zones define where new facilities can be built.

Transmission Line Right-of-Way

MRS Degree

March 4, 2026
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Dissertation | Standards North Dakota

ABSTRACT. As a collective, women’s experience in higher education has been disparate and differential to some men’s experience over the last two centuries, fundamentally based on the societal influences of the time. In the formative years of higher education women attended higher education institutions for social stratification reasons or for marital choice opportunities and to a lesser degree for college outcomes. This study’s purpose was to explore the current motivations of freshmen individuals who identified as female undergraduate students in their first year of pursuing a bachelor’s degree in higher education.

This study used a qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews of five undergraduate women at a mid-sized university campus in the Midwest United States. An initial pre-interview questionnaire was given to participants which provided background and demographic information to ensure an illustrative sample of undergraduate freshmen women who were pursuing a bachelor’s degree.

Considering societal changes for the advancement of women using a historical lens, this study used qualitative research methods to articulate what the current motivations and influences are for women who enroll in higher education in contemporary society. By listening to the women’s stories college going was seen as a viable and important next step in their life journey helping them to achieve their personal and professional goals and aspirations. Both K-12 and post-secondary practitioners and administrators can learn through their voices what matters most to them as they seek to fulfill their personal aspirations for a career to make a difference while having a better life not only for themselves but also for those who they plan to influence through their careers and with their future families.

By understanding women’s motivations for higher education credentials, institutional supports can be developed to foster a deeper understanding of women, as students, in higher education. With this knowledge, K-12 and post-secondary educators and leaders can design pre-college academic programs and student support services to facilitate student discovery built on the aspects that motivate female students to pursue the full higher education experience.

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Camelid Care

March 2, 2026
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Abby Hornacek

March 2, 2026
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Facilities for Hire

March 2, 2026
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Standards Wales (BSI Group) | Welsh Language Commissioner

“Our stunning location, combined with the wide range of facilities spread across 40 acres of grounds, makes Christ College Brecon the ideal venue for residential stays, sporting events, conferences, and special functions.  Nestled in the heart of the Brecon Beacons National Park, the site also offers opportunities for a wide range of exciting activities, including climbing, gorge walking, mountain biking, and pony-trekking within the local area.”

Facilities for Hire

Sacred Spaces

Welsh rarebit

March 1, 2026
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What started as a tongue-in-cheek 18th-century English jest about Welsh poverty and cheese-loving habits has since found its way onto college town pub-fusion menus. Not a bit of rabbit in it.  The phylogenetic origin of Domino’s Stuffed Cheesy Bread.

Best Coffee Spots in Cardiff

Kentucky Hot Brown

March 1, 2026
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An American hot sandwich originally created at the Brown Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky, by Fred K. Schmidt in 1926. It is a variation of traditional Welsh rarebit and was one of two signature sandwiches created by chefs at the Brown Hotel shortly after its founding in 1923. It was created to serve as an alternative to ham and egg late-night dinners requested by its guests in the early hours of the morning after an evening of dancing; its ballroom accommodating upwards 1200 guests.

Standards Kentucky


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Chicken Shepard’s Pie

March 1, 2026
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NSF International (Ann Arbor, Michigan): Food Equipment Standards

This traditional Irish dish originated as a thrifty way to repurpose leftover meat. In the late 18th century, the concept evolved from using lamb or mutton, commonly tended by shepherds, hence the name. The dish typically comprises minced meat — lamb, beef or chicken — cooked with vegetables and gravy, topped with mashed potatoes.

Ingredients:
• 1 can chicken, drained
• ½ can canned sliced potatoes
• 2 tsp onion powder
• ½ cup canned peas, drained
• 2 tbsp Worcestershire sauce
• 1 tbsp butter
• Splash of milk
• 2 tsp salt
• 2 tsp black pepper
• 1 tsp nutmeg

Directions:
1. Heat potatoes in microwave safe bowl, ~2 mins. Mash the potatoes with the milk and butter, a Teaspoon each of salt, pepper, and garlic powder, stir well. Adjust seasoning. Set aside.
2. Add remaining ingredients, stir well.
3. Spoon the mashed potatoes evenly on top of the meat.
4. Cook covered in the microwave oven for 3-5 minutes on medium power.
5. Cut into 2 portions. Scoop out from the bottom to keep the layers intact.

More:

University of Michigan Recipe

New Mexico State University Recipe

University of Illinois Venison Recipe


This video has been made available for informational and educational purposes only. UCCS hereby disclaims any and all liability to any party for any direct, indirect, implied, punitive, special, incidental or other consequential damages arising directly or indirectly from any use of this video, which is provided as is, and without warranties.

 

Corned Beef and Cabbage

March 1, 2026
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Standards Iowa

Corned beef and cabbage traditionally comprise a St. Patrick’s Day meal.  While St Patrick’s Day is celebrated around the world, corned beef is strictly an Irish-American tradition.  It isn’t the national dish of Ireland nor the food you would eat on St. Patrick’s Day in Dublin.

Corned beef brisket on a cutting board

Food Standards | Kitchen Standards

DIY Corned Beef

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