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Rightsizing Electrical Power Systems
Standards Michigan, spun-off in 2016 from the original University of Michigan Business & Finance Operation, has peppered NFPA 70 technical committees writing the 2016-2026 National Electric Code with proposals to reduce the size of building premise feeder infrastructure; accommodating the improvements made in illumination and rotating machinery energy conservation since the 1980’s (variable frequency drives, LED lighting, controls, etc.)
These proposals are routinely voted down in 12-20 member committees representing manufacturers (primarily) though local inspection authorities are complicit in overbuilding electric services because they “bill by the service panel ampere rating”. In other words, when a municipality can charge a higher inspection fee for a 1200 ampere panel, what incentive is there to support changes to the NEC that takes that inspection fee down to 400 amperes?
The energy conservation that would result from the acceptance of our proposals into the NEC are related to the following: reduced step down transformer sizes, reduced wire and conduit sizes, reduced panelboard sizes, reduced electric room cooling systems — including the HVAC cooling systems and the ceiling plenum sheet metal carrying the waste heat away. Up to 20 percent energy savings is in play here and all the experts around the table know it. So much for the economic footprint of the largest non-residential building construction market in the United States — about $120 billion annually.
The market incumbents are complicit in ignoring energy conservation opportunity. To paraphrase one of Mike Anthony’s colleagues representing electrical equipment manufacturers:
“You’re right Mike, but I am getting paid to vote against you.”
NFPA Electrical Division knows it, too.
University of Michigan
Rightsizing Commercial Electrical Power Systems: Review of a New Exception in NEC Section 220.12
Michael A. Anthony – James R. Harvey
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
University of Houston, Clear Lake, Texas
For decades, application of National Electrical Code (NEC) rules for sizing services, feeders and branch circuits has resulted in unused capacity in almost all occupancy classes. US Department of Energy data compiled in 1999 indicates average load on building transformers between 10 and 25 percent. More recent data gathered by the educational facilities industry has verified this claim. Recognizing that aggressive energy codes are driving energy consumption lower, and that larger than necessary transformers create larger than necessary flash hazard, the 2014 NEC will provide an exception in Section 220.12 that will permit designers to reduce transformer kVA ratings and all related components of the power delivery system. This is a conservative, incremental step in the direction of reduced load density that is limited to lighting systems. More study of feeder and branch circuit loading is necessary to inform discussion about circuit design methods in future revisions of the NEC.
CLICK HERE for complete paper
University of Houston
Hospital Plug Load
Today we examine relatively recent transactions in electrotechnologies — power, information and communication technology — that are present (and usually required) in patient care settings. At a patient’s bedside in a hospital or healthcare setting, various electrical loads or devices may be present to provide medical care, monitoring, and comfort. Some of the common electrical loads found at a patient’s bedside include:
Hospital Bed: Electric hospital beds allow for adjustments in height, head position, and leg position to provide patient comfort and facilitate medical procedures.
Patient Monitor: These monitors display vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate, helping healthcare professionals keep track of the patient’s condition.
Infusion Pumps: These devices administer medications, fluids, and nutrients intravenously at a controlled rate.
Ventilators: Mechanical ventilators provide respiratory support to patients who have difficulty breathing on their own.
Pulse Oximeter: This non-invasive device measures the oxygen saturation level in the patient’s blood.
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) Machine: It records the electrical activity of the heart and is used to diagnose cardiac conditions.
Enteral Feeding Pump: Used to deliver liquid nutrition to patients who cannot take food by mouth.
Suction Machine: It assists in removing secretions from the patient’s airway.
IV Poles: To hold and support intravenous fluid bags and tubing.
Warming Devices: Devices like warming blankets or warm air blowers are used to maintain the patient’s body temperature during surgery or recovery.
Patient Call Button: A simple push-button that allows patients to call for assistance from the nursing staff.
Overbed Tables: A movable table that allows patients to eat, read, or use personal items comfortably.
Reading Lights: Bedside lights that allow patients to read or perform tasks without disturbing others.
Television and Entertainment Devices: To provide entertainment and alleviate boredom during the patient’s stay.
Charging Outlets: Electrical outlets to charge personal electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
It’s important to note that the specific devices and equipment present at a patient’s bedside may vary depending on the level of care required and the hospital’s equipment standards. Additionally, strict safety measures and electrical grounding are essential to ensure patient safety when using electrical devices in a healthcare setting.
We have been tracking the back-and-forth on proposals, considerations, adoption and rejections in the 3-year revision cycles of the 2023 National Electrical Code and the2021 Healthcare Facilities Code. We will use the documents linked below as a starting point for discussion; and possible action:
NFPA 99:
Electrical Systems (HEA-ELS) Public Input
Electrical Systems (HEA-ELS) Public Comment
NFPA 70:
Fire Protection Research Foundation:
Electric Circuit Data Collection: An Analysis of Health Care Facilities (Mazetti Associates)
iDesign Services
IEEE Education & Healthcare Facility Electrotechnology
There are many other organizations involved in this very large domain — about 20 percent of the US Gross Domestic Product.
Ahead of the September 7th deadline for new proposals for Article 517 for the 2026 National Electrical Code we will examine their influence in other sessions; specifically in our Health 100,200,300 and 400 colloquia. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.
Plug Load Management: Department of Energy By the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Illumination 300
IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee
Outdoor Sport Illumination Technical Issues & Representative Calculation
“Starry Night Over the Rhône” 1888 Vincent van Gogh
Today we refresh our understanding of the moment in illumination technologies for outdoor lighting systems— related but different from our exploration of building interior illumination systems in Illumination 200. Later in 2023 we will roll out Illumination 500 which explores litigation related to public illumination technology. As cities-within-cities the shared perimeter of a campus with the host municipality has proven rich in legal controversy and action.
Illumination technology was the original inspiration for the electric utility industry; providing night-time security and transforming every sector of every economy on earth. Lighting load remains the largest component of any building’s electric load — about 35 percent– making it a large target for energy regulations.
Our inquiry begins with selections from the following documents…
International Electrotechnical Commission TC 34 Lighting
IEC 60364 Electrical Installations in Buildings
2023 National Electrical Safety Code
2023 National Electrical Code: Article 410 (While the bulk of the NEC concerns indoor wiring fire hazards, there are passages that inform outdoor lighting wiring safety)
2019 ASHRAE 90.1: Chapter 9 Lighting
Illumination Engineering Society: Various titles
Salt Water River Project: Outdoor Lighting Standards
US DOE-EERE Building Energy Codes Program
…and about 20 other accredited, consortia or ad hoc standards developers and publishers aligned principally with vertical incumbents. Illumination was the original inspiration (i.e. the first “killer app”) for the electrical power industry in every nation. Its best practice literature reflects a fast-moving, shape-changing domain.
Click in today with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Upper Wharfedale Primary Federation School District Yorkshire Dales
McGill University: Before electricity, streets were filled with gas lights
Outdoor lighting systems can be owned and maintained by different entities depending on the context and location. Here are some examples of ownership regimes for outdoor lighting systems:
- Public ownership: In this case, outdoor lighting systems are owned and maintained by the local government or municipal authority. The lighting may be installed in public spaces such as parks, streets, and other outdoor areas for the safety and convenience of the public.
- Private ownership: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned by private individuals or organizations. For example, a business owner may install outdoor lighting for security or aesthetic reasons, or a homeowner may install outdoor lighting in their garden or yard.
- Co-owned: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned jointly by multiple entities. For example, a residential community may jointly own and maintain outdoor lighting in their shared spaces such as parking areas, community parks, or recreational facilities.
- Utility ownership: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned and maintained by utility companies such as electric or energy companies. These companies may install and maintain street lights or other lighting systems for the public good.
- Third-party ownership: In some cases, a third-party entity may own and maintain outdoor lighting systems on behalf of a public or private entity. For example, a lighting contractor may install and maintain lighting in a public park on behalf of a local government.
The ownership regime of an outdoor lighting system can have implications for issues such as installation, maintenance, and cost-sharing. It is important to consider ownership when designing and implementing outdoor lighting systems to ensure their long-term effectiveness and sustainability.
More
International Commission on Illumination
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
National Electrical Contractors Association
Representative Specifications
Sam Houston State University | Division 26500 Interior and Exterior Lighting
University of Delaware | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Relevant Research
Enhancing the Sustainability of Outdoor Floodlighting for Cultural Heritage Buildings
Christian Wiman ✨ pic.twitter.com/r95fWwZZmP
— Dr. Maya C. Popa (@MayaCPopa) May 28, 2023
Emergency and Standby Power Systems
Sporty weather season in the United States inspires a revisit of best practice for designing, building and maintaining the systems that provide limited electricity when the primary source fails. We have been active in the development of this and related titles for decades and have presented several proposals to the technical committee. Public input for the 2028 Revision will be received until June 4, 2025.
Electrical building, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1892)
FREE ACCESS to the 2022 Edition of NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
The scope of NFPA 110 and NFPA 111 are close coupled and summarized below:
NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems. This standard contains requirements covering the performance of emergency and standby power systems providing an alternate source of electrical power to loads in buildings and facilities in the event that the primary power source fails.
NFPA 111 Stored Electrical Energy for Emergency and Standby Power Systems. This standard shall cover performance requirements for stored electrical energy systems providing an alternate source of electrical power in buildings and facilities in the event that the normal electrical power source fails.
FIRST DRAFT AGENDA | August 2022
Public comment on the First Draft of the 2025 Edition will be received until May 31, 2023.
We have advocated in this standard since 1996 and still use the original University of Michigan Workspace; though those workspaces must be upgraded to the new Google Sites during 2021. We provide a link to the Standards Michigan Workspace and invite you to join any of our electrical colloquia which are hosted jointly with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee four times per month in European and American time zones. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.
Issue: [96-04]
Category: Electrical, Risk
Contact: Mike Anthony, Robert Arno, Neal Dowling, Jim Harvey, Robert Schuerger, Mike Hiler
More
ITM of Emergency Power Systems
Planning for Higher Education Journal: Revisiting the Campus Power Dilemma: A Case Study
Tom is a long-time colleague and friend so Mike happily posts his content:
Infotech 200
INCITS: InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards | Executive Board
Today we break down the literature for building, maintaining and supporting the computing infrastructure of education communities. We use the term “infotech” gingerly to explain action for a broad span of technologies that encompass enterprise servers and software, wireless and wired networks, campus phone networks, and desktop computers that provide administrative services and career tech video production. The private sector has moved at light speed to respond to the circumstances of the pandemic; so have vertical incumbents evolving their business models to seek conformance revenue in this plasma-hot domain.
In 2023 we began breaking down the topic accordingly:
Infotech 100: Survey of the principal standards developing organizations whose catalogs are incorporated by reference into federal and state legislation. Revision cycles.
Infotech 200: Campus computing facilities for research and education
Infotech 300: Communication networks, wired and unwired at the demarcation point; crucial for defining the responsibilities and boundaries between the service provider and the customer.
Infotech 400: System, middleware and software — Python, Fortran 2018, Apache, Julia, C++ and others
A quick shoutout to our hardworking Billikens, who made it through midterms week. You did it! 🤩
📸 by Sarah Conroy pic.twitter.com/aRaUJ6Pa6S
— Saint Louis University (@SLU_Official) October 21, 2023
We collaborate closely with the IEEE Education and Healthcare Electrotechnology Committee. Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
📣INCITS Executive Board seeks interested parties to participate in ICT standards development. INCITS holds the leadership role as the U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information Technology. Learn more at https://t.co/G9vknxQY2Y and https://t.co/lGh8G4eiL4. #standardsdevelopment #ict pic.twitter.com/Qj2DnryBSr
— INCITS (@INCITS) September 23, 2024
Outdoor Deicing & Snow Melting
“Snow at Argenteuil” | Claude Monet (1875)
Today our focus turns to outdoor electric deicing and snow melting wiring systems identified as suitable for the environment and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. They work silently to keep snow load from caving in roofs and icicles falling from gutters onto pedestrian pathways.
While the voltage and ampere requirement of the product itself is a known characteristic, the characteristic 0f the wiring pathway — voltage, ampere, grounding, short circuit, disconnect and control — is relatively more complicated and worthy of our attention. Articles 426-427 of the National Electrical Code is the relevant part of the NEC
Free Access 2023 National Electrical Code
Insight into the ideas running through technical committee deliberations is provided by a review of Panel 17 transcripts:
2023 NEC Panel 17 Public Input Report (633 pages)
2023 NEC Panel 17 Public Comment Report (190 pages)
We hold Articles 427 in the middle of our priority ranking for the 2023 NEC. We find that the more difficult issues for this technology is the determination of which trade specifies these systems — architectural, electrical, or mechanical; covered in previous posts. Instead, most of our time will be spent getting IEEE consensus products in step with it, specifically ANSI/IEEE 515 and IEEE 844/CSA 293.
Comments on the Second Draft of the 2026 NEC will be received until April 18th.
…
We collaborate with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facility Committee which meets online 4 times per month in European and American time zones. Since a great deal of the technical basis for the NEC originates with the IEEE we will also collaborate with IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 18 whose members are charged by the IEEE Standards Association to coordinate NFPA and IEEE consensus products.
Issue: [19-151]
Category: Electrical, Energy
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Jim Harvey, Kane Howard, Jose Meijer
LEARN MORE:
Microgrids
We were doing microgrids before microgrids were cool. We did not call our school boiler plants or campus district energy systems “microgrids” until the EPACT flooded the electrical power industry with a new cadre of policy makers, regulators and litigators and we were forced into a vocabulary upgrade.
National Electrical Code Article 705 Interconnected Power Sources: Second Draft Transcript
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We resume our engagement (and advocacy) for a few concepts which have tracked in the NFPA and IEEE standards development catalogs since the early 1990’s:
- Nudge development of the National Electrical Code to recognize that loss of electrical power presents (i.e. reliability, availability) a greater hazard, and more frequent hazard, than wiring fire hazard.
- The application of stand-alone AC to DC inverters in the 100 – 1000 watt range to convert DC power from an automobile to households. A portable vehicle to home 120 VAC outlet strip is effectively a “microgrid” and costs less than $100 not including the extension cords.
- Expansion of the hybrid vehicle fittings with a built-in inverter to provide power to households in the 1000-2000 watt range. In contemporary parlance this arrangement is now referred to as “vehicle to home” (different than vehicle to grid)
- Relaxation of NEC prohibitions against the sharing of residential backup generators and electric storage equipment between two or more separate houses. This can reduce cost significantly. Earthing, ground fault, disconnect, overcurrent protection can easily be solved if the vertical incumbents we describe in our ABOUT stop voting against us in the National Electrical Code
- Stepping up the backup power systems that maintain the needed power for neighborhood internet access. Not all students and faculty live on campus.
- Policy makers and regulators should think in terms of setting standards for 10-day, 30-day and 90-day survivability contingencies to limit civil unrest.
- Preservation of contingencies with a judicious combination of absorption and electric chillers no matter what the electric rate. During a major regional contingency power is priceless.
- Promote a “cultural change” among specifiers and university design guideline writers to permit use of aluminum wiring which cost 1/3 less than copper wiring. Use of aluminum wiring for backup “swing feeders” at medium voltage reduces the cost of an additional contingency by 2/3rds.
- Reduce National Electrical Code circuit sizing rules so that distribution transformers within buildings can be reduced, thereby reducing material, heat waste and the reduction of wet-stacking in backup generators which reduces reliability.
This should be enough for an hour. We continue the conversation 4 times monthly with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee. Feel free to join us today with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
University of Delaware Vehicle to Grid Research
P2030.12/D1.4, Jun 2022 – IEEE Draft Guide for the Design of Microgrid Protection Systems
A Review on Microgrids’ Challenges & Perspectives
Long-term experience of DC-microgrid operation
Hierarchical Network Management of Industrial DC-Microgrids
— Electrical Knowledge (@electric_4u) July 11, 2024
Mark your calendar for the Microgrid Knowledge Conference session, “Benefits of an Off-grid Microgrid-enabled Community”. This panel will describe the residential site, microgrid, fit to the city’s sustainability goals, and benefits & challenges of going off-grid. Register now! pic.twitter.com/hsAKrERIkj
— MicrogridNews (@MicrogridNews) January 15, 2025
Grid-Connected Microgrid Battery Energy Storage Systems
Overview of Technical Specifications for Grid-Connected Microgrid Battery Energy Storage Systems
A. Rahman Khalid, et. al
Abstract: Increasing distributed topology design implementations, uncertainties due to solar photovoltaic systems generation intermittencies, and decreasing battery costs, have shifted the direction towards integration of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with photovoltaic systems to form renewable microgrids (MGs). Specific benefits include, but are not limited to, seamless switching and islanding operations during outages and ancillary grid services. The evolution of battery chemistries and other components has also further enhanced practicality; however, developing these multifaceted MGs involves complexity in the design process. Consequently, stakeholders rely on connection standards and operational requirements to guarantee reliable and safe grid-connected operations.
This paper presents a technical overview of battery system architecture variations, benchmark requirements, integration challenges, guidelines for BESS design and interconnection, grid codes and standards, power conversion topologies, and operational grid services. In addition, a comprehensive review of the control strategies for battery equalization, energy management systems, communication, control of multiple BESSs, as well as a discussion on protection blinding and intentional islanding using BESSs is also provided. Finally, a discussion of the islanded and black start operation results for time-based analysis and standard validation of a 3MW/9MWh BESS in a grid-connected MG at the Florida International University (FIU) Engineering Campus is presented.
Pathways 100
Today we break down the literature for exterior and interior pathways in education communities. We limit the term “pathway” to refer to human pathways (as in egress and ingress paths); not wiring or piping pathways. Maximum distance of travel from within a building and along an egress path toward safety is a core topic in building safety literature. Starting 2023 we will break down coverage of subject catalogs and bibliographies:
Pathways 100: Survey of all titles for both the exterior and interior environments
Pathways 200: Review of codes, standards and guidelines for building interiors
Related recent research:
Hallways and stairways lighting system cost reduction
The research on circadian rhythm parameters testing of lighting quality in classrooms
Research and discussion on classroom blackboard lighting
Pathways 300: Review of codes, standards and guidelines campus environment outside the buildings; all seasons
Pathways 500: Review of noteworthy litigation. Campus pathways are rich in possibilities for legal actions so we will refresh our understanding of the landmark decisions.
This breakdown is “somewhat” inspired by recent action by ASHRAE International to expand the scope of ASHRAE 90.1 to heating and cooling environments outside buildings. The new title of ASHRAE 901. includes the word “Site”, which is another way of saying “the world” outside buildings. Standards Michigan commented on the consequences of doing this in the proposal stages in 2020-2021.
The topic involves titles from many standards setting organizations; among them:
American National Standards Institute
C136-series for street lighting
International Code Council (accessible and useable ingress and egress entrances, paths and exits)
International Building Code: Chapter 10 Means of Egress
ICC A117 Accessibility Meeting Agenda December 15 2022 (Pathways)
ICC A117.1 2023 Meeting Calendar Accessible and Useable Buildings
Modifications for A117.1 12-1-2022 meeting
IFC §909.21.6 Proposal FS118-21 Pressurization systems for elevator pathways (now being discussed during the ICC Group A Committee Action Hearings in September)
American Society of Civil Engineers (roads, sidewalks)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASME A17.1-2019: Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (wayfinding along unofficial footpaths using the internet of small things)
Education & Healthcare Facility Electrotechnology
A BIM-Based Coordination Support System for Emergency Response
Computer Vision Method in Means of Egress Obstruction Detection
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
National Fire Protection Association (fire protection for interior premises, fire truck routes, electric signage, security)
2021 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
Chapter 3 Means of Egress
Chapter 12-13 Assembly Occupancies
Chapter 14-15 Educational Occupancies
Chapter 18-19 Health Care Occupancies
2022 Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
Chapter 5 – Emergency Power Supply: Energy Sources, Converters and Accessories
ASTM International Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
…And about 20 others.
We might venture onto the minefield of sensitivities about signage: too much, too many, too big, too small? There are signs everywhere in academia.
Many titles in the foregoing list are inspired by legal requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act administered by the US Department of Justice
As usual, we’ll only have time to identify the titles and concepts in motion and set up a separate markup session. Open to everyone; use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Texas Tech
MORE:
International Building Code §3104 Pedestrian Walkways and Tunnels
2023 National Electrical Code Article 420 — Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps
2023 National Electrical Code Article 600 – Electric Signs and Outline Lighting
Bibliography
Shaping the Sidewalk Experience
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
“The Via Appia: A Case Study in the Political Geography of Imperialism” Hannah Friedman. This article, published in the Journal of Historical Geography in 2011, examines the Appian Way as a product of Roman imperialism and a reflection of Roman attitudes toward the landscape and its inhabitants. The author draws on both textual and archaeological evidence to explore the road’s impact on the regions it passed through.
“The Appian Way: The Road that Built the Roman Empire” by Richard Talbert – Cambridge University Press 2012. A a comprehensive study of the Appian Way and its significance to the Roman Empire. The author draws on a wide range of archaeological and historical evidence to explore the road’s construction, use, and legacy.
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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