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Peeking Inside the Black-Box_ A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Amina Adadi & Mohammed Berrada
Ben Abdellah University Morocco
ABSTRACT: At the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution, we are witnessing a fast and widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in our daily life, which contributes to accelerating the shift towards a more algorithmic society. However, even with such unprecedented advancements, a key impediment to the use of AI-based systems is that they often lack transparency. Indeed, the black-box nature of these systems allows powerful predictions, but it cannot be directly explained. This issue has triggered a new debate on explainable AI (XAI). A research field holds substantial promise for improving trust and transparency of AI-based systems. It is recognized as the sine qua non for AI to continue making steady progress without disruption. This survey provides an entry point for interested researchers and practitioners to learn key aspects of the young and rapidly growing body of research related to XAI. Through the lens of the literature, we review the existing approaches regarding the topic, discuss trends surrounding its sphere, and present major research trajectories.
Sample of video coverage sorted by view count:
Abstract. Research problem: Readability equations are widely used to compute how well readers will be able to understand written materials. Those equations were usually developed for nontechnical materials, namely, textbooks for elementary, middle, and high schools. This study examines to what extent computerized readability predictions are consistent for highly technical material – selected Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and International Standards Organization (ISO) Recommended Practices and Standards relating to driver interfaces. Literature review: A review of original sources of readability equations revealed a lack of specific criteria in counting various punctuation and text elements, leading to inconsistent readability scores. Few studies on the reliability of readability equations have identified this problem, and even fewer have systematically investigated the extent of the problem and the reasons why it occurs. Research questions:
(1) Do the most commonly used equations give identical readability scores?
(2) How do the scores for each readability equation vary with readability tools?
(3) If there are differences between readability tools, why do they occur?
(4) How does the score vary with the length of passage examined?
Method: Passages of varying lengths from 12 selected SAE and ISO Recommended Practices and Standards were examined using five readability equations (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, SMOG Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and Automated Readability Index) implemented five ways (four online readability tools and Microsoft Word 2013 for Windows). In addition, short test passages of text were used to understand how different readability tools counted text elements, such as words and sentences. Results and conclusions: The mean readability scores of the passages from those 12 SAE and ISO Recommended Practices and Standards ranged from the 10th grade reading level to about 15th. The mean grade reading levels computed across the websites were: Flesch-Kincaid 12.8, Gunning Fog 15.1 SMOG 12.6, Coleman-Liau 13.7, and Automated Readability Index 12.3. Readability score estimates became more consistent as the length of the passage examined increased, with no noteworthy improvements beyond 900 words. Among the five readability tools, scores typically differed by two grade levels, but the scores should have been the same. These differences were due to how compound and hyphenated words, slashes, numbers, abbreviations and acronyms, and URLs were counted, as well other punctuation and text elements. These differences occurred because the sources for these equations often did not specify how to score various punctuation and text elements. Of the tools examined, the authors recommend Microsoft Word 2013 for Windows if the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level is required.
Virginia Woolf: pic.twitter.com/8IPw1Fmevk
— Dr. Maya C. Popa (@MayaCPopa) May 25, 2023
In 1936, a team of @NIST researchers, including optical physicist Irvine Gardner, joined National Geographic Society to observe June solar eclipse with a 9-inch astrographic lens Gardner designed. He has 9 patents, including for the wide-angle binocular telescope & range finder. pic.twitter.com/BblX8FnTBL
— USPTO (@uspto) April 3, 2024
…When we talk about standards in our personal lives, we might think about the quality we expect in things such as restaurants and first dates. But the standards that exist in science and technology have an even greater impact on our lives. Technical standards keep us safe, enable technology to advance, and help businesses succeed. They quietly make the modern world tick and prevent technological problems that you might not realize could even happen…”
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Curated list of our interest and accomplishments in water-related codes, standards and related best practice literature.
International Building Code | Chapter 29 Plumbing Systems
“Àguas de março” (A.C.Jobim)
Escola Municipal de Música de Sant Andreu | Catalunya Província de Barcelona @joanchamorro
print(“Lunch Hour 1600 UTC”)\n weekday(2)
print(“Padrão Brasil”)https://t.co/wFPKtBBD2R pic.twitter.com/vibSBRmBC3— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) March 6, 2024
A good understanding of waves in shallow water, typically in coastal regions, is important for several environmental and societal issues: submersion risks, protection of harbors, erosion, offshore structures, wave energies, etc.https://t.co/E6T2woxQ67@_CIRM @CIGLR_UM pic.twitter.com/DUnk6rlFW9
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) February 24, 2021
Water Cycle Equation:
Precipitation = Runoff + Infiltration + Evapotranspiration + ΔStoragehttps://t.co/DdIA3UWUxy
Georgia Southern University Civil Engineering & Constructionhttps://t.co/rVhv4tyuBt@GeorgiaSouthern pic.twitter.com/9yo5NZrJQH— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) September 10, 2020
We are marking up NSF 50 Standard for Recreational Water Facilities RE: piping changeshttp://t.co/9TDj8D4Ic4 pic.twitter.com/OsGIo5w6q2
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) January 7, 2015
Today we review live public consultation notices from standards setting organizations creating best practice literature and policy templates for water safety and sustainabilityhttps://t.co/sM4vKIpRTK pic.twitter.com/T5kJ1LpYrC
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) August 4, 2020
A good understanding of waves in shallow water, typically in coastal regions, is important for several environmental and societal issues: submersion risks, protection of harbors, erosion, offshore structures, wave energies, etc.https://t.co/E6T2woxQ67@_CIRM @CIGLR_UM pic.twitter.com/DUnk6rlFW9
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) February 24, 2021
“Microfiber Release to Water, Via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: A Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters”
University of Plymouth @PlymUni
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche @CNRsocial_https://t.co/suKmOp56HD pic.twitter.com/kJ0uFFwmAN— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) September 25, 2021
Duke University Press – A Future History of Water
Andrea Ballesterohttps://t.co/cm4ybE6W76 pic.twitter.com/5RmPdmtMr7— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) May 15, 2020
RT @wef: Where is the world’s hidden groundwater? https://t.co/cTCqljIFsu #environment #water pic.twitter.com/OoVxrzvh3q
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) December 11, 2015
ANSI Seeks Comments on ISO Proposal for Water Products
Comments due December 8thhttps://t.co/PbCprmGyFc @standardsaus @ansidotorg @IFMA pic.twitter.com/ToDwD0K4R9— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) November 5, 2017
Boiler University https://t.co/p8HkfwQh5b
Ritchie and Steven discuss steam boiler mathematics: Horsepower, Pounds Per Hour, Boiler Horsepower Formula, Pounds Per Hour Formula, Convert Steam to hot water formula, Heat exchanger, Steam Load@WareInc pic.twitter.com/EosfgvE01S— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) February 4, 2021
Help us mark up standards that provide regulators w/specifics needed for wise use of waterhttps://t.co/4SQhP6k8YO https://t.co/lfBrUvgudy
— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) November 10, 2015
This is happening Thursday at Peterhouse:
13:00 – 13:30
Fellows Orientation
14:00 – 15:30
Session I: Scruton’s Aesthetics
A. O’Hear
F. Hörcher
A. Frost
16:00 – 17:00
Session II: Art and Modernity
C. Varry
J. Kolata
17:30 – 19:00
Keynote I: Beauty and the Sacred
D. Hedley
J. Orr pic.twitter.com/EYnWIbDwtl— Ferenc Hörcher (@HorcherF) September 13, 2023
Opening page of “The Prologue of the Wife of Bath’s Tale,” from the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, c. 1400.
Researchers at the National Center for Health Statistics estimate that 78% of college-educated women who married for the first time between 2006 and 2010 could expect their marriages to last at least 20 years. But among women who have a high school education or less, the share is only 40%.
The link between a college education and a lasting marriage
“But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself.” — James Madison, Federalist 51
Relevant Federal Executive & Legislative Committees
House of Representatives: Committee on Education & the Workforce
Senate: Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
SCOTUS: West Virginia, et al. v. Environmental Protection Agency
H.R. 221: Expand Pell Grant eligibility to certain trade schools
H.R. 193: Teach Relevant Apprenticeships to Drive Economic Success Act
H.R. 302: Energy Cybersecurity University Leadership Act of 2023
The University Campus As A Designed Work and an Artefact of Cultural Heritage
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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