Tier Classification System

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Tier Classification System

November 18, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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The Uptime Institute’s tier system classifies data centers into four levels based on performance, redundancy, and availability, from basic to fully fault-tolerant. A Tier I (basic capacity) facility has single paths for power and cooling, while Tier II adds some redundant components like UPS modules and generators. Tier III (concurrently maintainable) includes multiple, independent distribution paths, allowing for maintenance without taking the system offline. Tier IV (fault-tolerant) is the highest level, with 2N or 2N+1 redundancy to withstand single-failure points in critical systems.
Tier I: Basic capacity with a single path for power and cooling; requires downtime for maintenance.
Tier II: Adds some redundant capacity components (e.g., UPS, generators) to improve reliability over Tier I.
Tier III: “Concurrently maintainable,” meaning maintenance can be performed without interrupting operations due to multiple, independent distribution paths.
Tier IV: “Fault tolerant,” with a fully fault-tolerant infrastructure (2N or 2N+1) that can withstand any single-point failure.
The system focuses on the performance-based goals rather than specific technologies, and each tier builds upon the previous tier

Related:

Electrical Power Reliability

Power Distribution Reliability Indices

Transfer Equipment

Maintenance & Reliability of Campus Power Systems

Bibliography

Reliability Data Collection Dot Std 3006.8: Framework for Establishing Goals for New Data

493-2007 – IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems 

University of Michigan Cloud Services

Stanford University Cloud Transformation

University of Texas at Austin Cloud Computing

McKinsey: Scaling bigger, faster, cheaper data centers with smarter designs

 

 

 

Henry Mancini Institute

November 17, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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“All Applicable Standards”

November 17, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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From time to time we drill into representative design guidelines and specifications for facility classes that are present on educational campuses; including projects involving the spaces between buildings — i.e. water, pathway, power and telecommunication infrastructure.

We place particular emphasis on the “General Conditions” of these guidelines and specifications because up to 20 percent of a construction project may involve the cost of general conditions; depending upon how many disciplines are involved.

We find excesses in the General Conditions that tend to inflate contingency requirements but also shortcomings that design professionals, construction project managers and building service engineers* should know about.   Facility development units will likely want to tweak design and construction documents to harmonize with the latest changes in the codes and standards that govern the safety and sustainability agenda of the education facility industry.

Tulane University School of Architecture


Building services engineers are responsible for the design, installation, operation and monitoring of the technical services in buildings (including mechanical, electrical and public health systems, also known as MEP or HVAC), in order to ensure the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation.

Building services engineers work closely with other construction professionals such as architects, structural engineers and quantity surveyors.

Building services engineers influence the architectural design of building, in particular facades, in relation to energy efficiency and indoor environment, and can integrate local energy production (e.g. façade-integrated photovoltaics) or community-scale energy facilities (e.g. district heating). Building services engineers therefore play an important role in the design and operation of energy-efficient buildings (including green buildings, passive houses and zero energy buildings.  uses. With buildings accounting for about a third of all carbon emissions] and over a half of the global electricity demand, building services engineers play an important role in the move to a low-carbon society; a prevailing sentiment among many educational settlements.


Update: 29 November 2024

French Onion Soup

November 16, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Standards North Dakota Campus Master Plan 

Click image below for recipe

photograph of a bowl of french onion soup on a plate with two onions next to it

Click for Extension Service Full Playlist

North Dakota State University | Fargo County

Ralph Vaughan Williams “Sea Symphony”

November 16, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Standards Michigan Central

This is his RVW’s first completed symphony and one of the earliest major choral symphonies in English music. Setting poetry from Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, it explores the sea as both a literal and spiritual metaphor for exploration and human destiny. Premiered at the Leeds Festival, it signaled Vaughan Williams’s move toward a distinctly English symphonic voice, blending expansive orchestration with modal harmonies and visionary choral writing. The work’s significance lies in its ambition: it established him as a leading British composer and opened a new path for English symphonic and choral expression.

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Sustainable Brewing

November 14, 2025
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Michel Foucault: The Damage Done

November 14, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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[0.00] ‘Various people have argued that we live in a post-truth society and and point to obviously quite um vivid examples like President Trump as as illustrating this.  But you know there is no such thing actually as post-truth thinking. Truth is fundamental to to the idea of thought; that’s what thinking is — the the attempt to get the true answer to something.  So if you if you discard truth, there is nothing left except the pursuit of power, which means shouting as far high as in as high as tone as you can. And and I think this is one thing that university students have to confront in the humanities. This idea that truth is somehow how marginal or negotiable that there isn’t an absolute standard but it’s simply what you can something that you use to embellish your arguments as though you put flowers around their necks. [1:17]

Roger Scruton Memorial Lectures

Beauty in a World of Ugliness

 

The History of Elevators

November 13, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Colin_Campbell_Cooper%2C_Hudson_River_Waterfront%2C_N.Y.C.jpg

The first recorded public use of an elevator was in 1743, in a private residence in France. It was created by a French scientist and inventor named Louis-François Dauprat. However, this early elevator was not used for public transportation or in a commercial building.

The first practical passenger elevator was invented by Elisha Graves Otis, an American industrialist and inventor, in 1852.  The Otis elevator used a safety device known as a “safety brake” or “safety hoist,” which prevented the elevator from falling in case the hoisting cable broke at a five-story building in New York City in 1857, known as Haughwout Building.

This invention revolutionized vertical transportation, allowing for the construction of taller buildings and changing the way people live and work in urban areas.

Elevators & Lifts

“Elevator Man”

The earliest installation of a passenger elevator in a university building in the United States was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  In 1861, Otis Brothers & Co., the company founded by Elisha Graves Otis, installed the first passenger elevator on a university campus in the Rogers Building at MIT. The Rogers Building was a three-story structure that housed laboratories, classrooms, and offices for faculty and students. The installation of the passenger elevator provided vertical transportation within the building, making it more convenient for people to move between floors.

This early installation marked an important milestone in the history of vertical transportation on college and university campuses, and it paved the way for the adoption of elevators in other educational institutions as they expanded in size and height over time.

 

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