€ 492 Million: Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien

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Looking after cows on Irish dairy farms

February 26, 2023
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House of the Lord

February 26, 2023
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“Sacred space provides a nexus between form, function, and meaning and provides an occasion for discovering multi-dimensional avenues of spirituality. I have chosen to explore the concept of contemporary sacred space in the context of designing a temple for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also referred to as the Mormon Church.

The explosive growth of the Church establishes the need for an in depth study of the Mormon temple typology. In particular, the cultural politics of the Church present a rare opportunity in Church history that is favorable to design innovations. While the design of Mormon temples has been highly criticized by architects, historians, and educators, the topic is typically poorly understood and regularly neglected in architectural discourse. There are many opportunities to shed light on misunderstandings. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of Mormon sacred architecture by looking specifically at the historical interconnectivity between morphology and typology.

Ultimately, the purpose of this research is to strengthen my design proposal for a Mormon temple in Rome, Italy. While there are certainly social, political, and religious challenges associated with such a proposal, my research seeks to prove that it is a rare and promising design venture. It presents an exciting opportunity for architecture to act as an ambassador of the Mormon religion, express the true essence of its principles, and to display aesthetic sensitivity to Rome’s rich cultural history while simultaneously representing the identity of the Mormon Church. It also presents an opportunity to open a new chapter in the history of the Church’s temple designs, to break recent stereotypes, and to engage unexplored avenues within its own tradition. This research helps to establish the interrelationships between architecture (form), religion (ideals), ritual (function), and culture (environment). Ultimately, the fi nal design is a demonstration of the ritual architectural design process that makes possible the (re)interpretation of the Latter-day Saint temple morphology”

 

The Latter-day Saint temple in Utah, officially known as the Salt Lake Temple, is architecturally special for several reasons:

  1. Granite construction: The Salt Lake Temple is one of the few temples in the world made entirely of granite. The granite was quarried from nearby Little Cottonwood Canyon and transported to the temple site. The granite gives the temple a unique appearance and makes it a symbol of strength and durability.
  2. Gothic Revival architecture: The Salt Lake Temple is designed in the Gothic Revival style, which was popular in the mid-19th century. The style is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and ornate decorations. The temple’s towers, spires, and pinnacles are also typical of Gothic Revival architecture.
  3. Symbolism: The Salt Lake Temple is full of symbolism that is significant to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The temple’s exterior features symbols of the sun, moon, and stars, which represent the celestial kingdom. The temple’s interior is also filled with symbols, such as the baptismal font, which represents the washing away of sins.
  4. Sealing rooms: The Salt Lake Temple has several sealing rooms where couples can be married or sealed for eternity. The sealing rooms are decorated with beautiful murals that depict scenes from the Bible and the Book of Mormon. The sealing rooms are considered sacred spaces where couples can make covenants with God and each other.

Overall, the Salt Lake Temple is a remarkable example of Gothic Revival architecture and is full of symbolism and meaning for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Its unique construction and beautiful design make it a beloved and recognizable landmark in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Soil Sampling

February 25, 2023
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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“The Sower” 1888 Vincent Van Gogh

Land Grant Universities typically provide soil testing services to local farmers. As part of their mission to support agricultural research and education, many Land Grant Universities have agricultural extension programs that offer soil testing services to farmers and other members of the community. These programs often provide soil testing at a reasonable cost or for free, and may also offer advice and recommendations for improving soil health and fertility based on the results of the soil test.

In some cases, the soil testing services may be provided by the university’s soil science department or agricultural research station. Farmers can usually contact their local extension office or the university’s agricultural department to inquire about soil testing services and to learn more about the specific testing methods used and the associated fees.


Readings / Morrill Land-Grant Act

Agriculture

Keeping Soil Alive

Brescia University

February 24, 2023
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Kerala Agricultural University: Chocolate

February 24, 2023
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Readings

How to Make the Best Hot Chocolate, According to the Experts

Hersheyland: Hot Cocoa for One

Coffee

Ancient Money Systems:

  1. Barter system: The oldest form of money system, where goods and services were exchanged directly for other goods and services without the use of money.
  2. Cowrie shells: Cowrie shells were used as currency in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. The shells were valued for their beauty, durability, and rarity.
  3. Commodity money: This system involved the use of valuable commodities, such as salt, spices, and precious metals (such as gold), as a medium of exchange. The value of the commodity was determined by its scarcity and desirability.
  4. Grain-based systems: In ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, grain was often used as a form of currency. Farmers would pay their taxes in grain, and grain would be used to pay wages to workers.
  5. Coinage: The use of coins as a medium of exchange emerged in ancient Greece and spread throughout the Roman Empire. Coins were typically made of precious metals, such as gold and silver, and their value was determined by their weight and purity.
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