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Ædificare & Utilization

March 2, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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New Construction Release Schedule: https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/release.html

Reports are usually released at 10 AM EST the first day of every month.

There’s been a significant redesign of the look and feel of the monthly Census Bureau reports construction activity. Today we sort through the rather more granular statistics that inform our recommendations for facility spend.

December 1, 2025

It has been 20 years since we began tracking educational settlement facility spend.  Starting this month we will examine federal government data together with the best available data about space utilization to enlighten our response to the perfectly reasonable question: “Are we over-building or under-building or building ineffectively”.  Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.

United States: Schools of Architecture

The Society for College and University Planning (Ann Arbor, Michigan)

National Center for Education Statistics

The Financial Impact of Architectural Design: Balancing Aesthetics and Budget in Modern Construction

 

Homeschooling

2022 International Existing Building Code 

  • University College London

As reported by the US Department of Commerce Census Bureau the value of construction put in place by August 2025 by the US education industry proceeded at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $137.604 billion.  This number does not include renovation for projects under 50,000 square feet and new construction in university-affiliated health care delivery enterprises.   Reports are released two months after calendar month.  The complete report is available at the link below:

MONTHLY CONSTRUCTION SPENDING August 2025 (released two months after calendar month)

 

 


This spend makes the US education facilities industry (which includes colleges, universities, technical/vocational and K-12 schools, most university-affiliated medical research and healthcare delivery enterprises, etc.) the largest non-residential building construction market in the United States after commercial property; and fairly close.  For perspective consider total public + private construction ranked according to the tabulation most recently released:

$137.604 billion| Education Facilities

$155.728 billion | Power

$69.625 billion | Healthcare

Keep in mind that inflation figures into the elevated dollar figures.  Overall — including construction, energy, custodial services, furnishings, security. etc., — the non-instructional spend plus the construction spend of the US education facilities is running at a rate of about $300 – $500 billion per year.

LIVE: A selection of construction cameras at  US schools, colleges and universities

Architectural Billings

We typically pick through the new data set; looking for clues relevant to real asset spend decisions.  Finally, we encourage the education facilities industry to contribute to the accuracy of these monthly reports by responding the US Census Bureau’s data gathering contractors.

Reconstruction of Ancient Agora

 

As surely as people are born, grow wealthy and die with extra cash,

there will be a home for that cash to sustain their memory and to steer

the cultural heritage of the next generation in beautiful settings.

More

National Center for Educational Statistics

AIA: Billings Index shows but remains strong May 2022

National Center for Education Statistics

Sightlines: Capital Investment College Facilities

OxBlue: Time-Lapse Construction Cameras for Education

Architectural Billing Index

IBISWorld Education Sector

US Census Bureau Form F-33 Survey of School System Finances

American School & University

New Report from Occuspace Finds U.S. Campuses Face Significant Underutilization

Global Consistency in Presenting Construction & Life Cycle Costs

Carnegie Classifications

NESC & NEC Cross-Code Correlation

March 2, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Statement from NARUC During its Summer 2018 Committee Meetings

IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee

Draft Proposals for the 2028 National Electrical Safety Code

Representative State Level Service Quality Standards

MI Power Grid


Relevant Research

PROCESS, PROCEDURES & SCHEDULE

2025-2026 NESC Revision Schedule

Mike Anthony is ID Number 469 | Proposal period closes 11:59 PM US Pacific Time | May 15

Meeting Notes in red

Loss of electric power and internet service happens more frequently and poses at least an equal — if not greater threat — to public safety.  So why does neither the National Electrical Code or the National Electrical Safety Code integrate reliability into their core requirements?  Reliability requirements appear in a network of related documents, either referenced, or incorporated by reference; sometimes automatically, sometimes not.

NESC Main Committee Membership: Page xii

Apart from the IEEE as the accredited standards developer, there are no “pure non-government user-interests” on this committee; although ANSI’s Essential Requirements for balance of interests provides highly nuanced interpretation.  The Classifications on Page xiii represents due diligence on meeting balance of interest requirements.

In our case, we are one of many large universities that usually own district energy plants that both generate and purchase generate electric power (as sometimes provide var support to utilities when necessary; as during the August 2003 North American outage).  For University of Michigan, for example, has about 20 service points at 4.8 – 120 kV.  Its Central Power Plant is the largest cogeneration plant on the DTE system.

Contents: Page xxviii | PDF Page 29

Absence of internet service is at least as much a hazard, and more frequent, than downed wires.   Is there a standards solution?  Consideration of interoperability of internet service power supported on utility poles  should track in the next revision.

No mention of any reliability related IEEE reliability standards in the present edition.  Why is this?

Section 2: Definitions of Special Terms | PDF Page 46

In the 2023 Handbook, the term “reliability” shows up 34 times.

availability (from Bob Arno’s IEEE 3006-series and IEEE 493 Gold Book revision)

reliability (Bob Arno)

utility (PDF Page 57)

communication | PDF Page 47

list of terms defined in the 2023 National Electrical Code that are new and relevant to this revision: (Article 100 NEC)

Bonding jumper, system and supply

Survivability of communication network signaling

Fiber optic cable mounted on common poles with a medium voltage overhead line standardizing procedure

municipal broadband network, digital subscriber line, surveillance cameras

wireless communication system

010. Purpose | PDF Page 40

Looks like improvement since last edition.  Suggest explicit Informational Note, as in the NEC, using “reliability” and referring to other agencies.  “Abnormal events” could be tighter and refer to other standards for abnormal, steady-state events.   The clarification of purpose is welcomed although a great deal remains uncovered by other best practice literature; though that can be repaired in this edition.

Legacy of shared circuit path standards. Should provisions be made for municipal surveillance, traffic and vehicle control infrastructure.  What would that look like?

011. Scope | Covered PDF Page 40

3. Utility facilities and functions of utilities that either (a) generate energy by conversion from
some other form of energy such as, but not limited to, fossil fuel, chemical, electrochemical,
nuclear, solar, mechanical, wind or hydraulic or communication signals, or accept energy or
communication signals from another entity, or (b) provide that energy or communication
signals through a delivery point to another entity.

5. Utility facilities and functions on the line side of the service point supplied by underground or
overhead conductors maintained and/or installed under exclusive control of utilities located on
public or private property in accordance with legally established easements or rights-of-way,
contracts, other agreements (written or by conditions of service), or as authorized by a
regulating or controlling body.
NOTE: Agreements to locate utility facilities on property may be required where easements are either
(a) not obtainable (such as locating utility facilities on existing rights-of-way of railroads or other entities,
military bases, federal lands, Native American reservations, lands controlled by a port authority, or other
governmental agency), or (b) not necessary (such as locating facilities necessary for requested service to a
site).

012. General Rules | Covered PDF Page 42

For all particulars not specified, but within the scope of these rules, as stated in Rule 011A, design,
construction, operation, and maintenance should be done in accordance with accepted good practice
for the given local conditions known at the time by those responsible for the communication or
supply lines and equipment

General purpose clause could use some work since no definition of “accepted good practice”.  Refer to IEEE bibliography.

 

Section 2: Definition of special terms | PDF Page 46

Recommendations elsewhere should track here.

 The word “installation” appears 256 times and is generally understood in context by experts.  Suggest borrow from NEC to clarify our concern for including co-linear/communication circuits. 

conduit.  exclusive control, lines, photovoltaic, NEC interactive. qualified

Section 3: Reference

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code® (NEC®). [Rules 011B4 NOTE, 099C NOTE 1, and 127

IEEE Std 4™-1995, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. [Table 410-2 and Table 410-3]
IEEE Std 516™-2009, IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power-Lines. [Rules 441A4
NOTE 2, 446B1, and 446D3 NOTE, and Table 441-5, Footnote 4]
IEEE Std 1427™-2006, IEEE Guide for Recommended Electrical Clearances and Insulation Levels in
Air-Insulated Electrical Power Substations. [Rule 124A1 NOTE, Table 124-1, 176 NOTE, and 177 NOTE]
IEEE Std 1584™-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations. [Table 410-1,
Footnotes 1, 3, 6, and 14]
IEEE Std C62.82.1™-2010, IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination—Definitions, Principles, and Rules.
[Table 124-1 Footnote 5]

Add references to Gold Book, 1386, etc. IEC since multinationals conform.

 

Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | PDF Page 111

Has anyone confirmed that these tables match NEC Table 495.24 lately?  If it helps: there were no meaningful changes in the 2023 NEC in Article 495, the high voltage article

Section 11. Protective arrangements in electric supply stations | PDF Page 77

A safety sign shall be displayed on or beside the door or gate at each entrance. For fenced or
walled electric supply stations without roofs, a safety sign shall be displayed on each exterior
side of the fenced or wall enclosure. Where the station is entirely enclosed by walls and roof, a
safety sign is required only at ground level entrances. Where entrance is gained through
sequential doors, the safety sign should be located at the inner door position.  (A clarification but no change.  See Standards Michigan 2017 proposals)

Recommend that all oil-filled cans be removed and services upgraded through energy regulations with new kVA ratings

Section 12: Installation and maintenance of equipment

093. Grounding conductor and means of connection

Fences
The grounding conductor for fences required to be effectively grounded by other parts of this
Code shall meet the requirements of Rule 093C5 or shall be steel wire not smaller than Stl WG
No. 5.

D. Guarding and protection | PDF Page 67

124. Guarding live parts| PDF Page 85

Propose roofs required for exterior installations

Part 2. Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | Page 72

Section 22. Relations between various classes of lines and equipment | Page 80

222. Joint use of structures | Page 82

Where the practice of joint use is mutually agreed upon by the affected utilities, facilities shall be subject to the appropriate grade of construction specified in Section 24. Joint use of structures should be
considered for circuits along highways, roads, streets, and alleys. The choice between joint use of structures and separate lines shall be determined through cooperative consideration with other joint
users of all the factors involved, including the character of circuits, worker safety, the total number and weight of conductors, tree conditions, number and location of branches and service drops, structure
conflicts, availability of right-of-way, etc.

Reliability considerations for sustaining internet service when power supply is absent. 

Par2 Section 20 Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | PDF Page 111

Has anyone confirmed that these tables match NEC Table 495.24 lately?

Part 3. Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Underground Electric Supply and Communication Lines | Page 220

Renewable energy for internet access

311. Installation and maintenance

A. Persons responsible for underground facilities shall be able to indicate the location of their facilities.
B. Reasonable advance notice should be given to owners or operators of other proximate facilities that
may be adversely affected by new construction or changes in existing facilities.
C. For emergency installations, supply and communication cables may be laid directly on grade if the
cables do not unreasonably obstruct pedestrian or vehicular traffic and either:

1. The cables are covered, enclosed, or otherwise protected, or
2. The locations of the cables are conspicuous.
Supply cables operating above 600 V shall meet either Rule 230C or 350B.
NOTE: See Rules 014B2 and 230A2d.

Part 4. Work Rules for the Operation of Electric Supply and Communications Lines and Equipment | PDF Page 289

When and why was the term “Work” added to the title of this section?   

Core text for the definition of wireless communication system reliability

 

Appendix E Bibliography| PDF Page 355

 

 

 

Index | PDF Page 398

 

The word “reliability” appears only three times.  Should it track in the NESC or should it track in individual state requirements.  So neither the NEC nor the NESC couples closely with power and communication reliability; despite the enormity and speed of research.

 

Sport News

March 2, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Skiing Association

College Bowl Games

Fernando Mendoza’s post game interview after winning the Big Ten
byu/justletmeregisteryou insports

 

 

 



Michigan Girl, Our Michigan Girl….

Sport Standards

 

 

Mixed Gender Sport by Design

Engineering in Sport



“Rowing is more poetry than sport.” — George Pocock (‘Boys in the Boat’ 2024), a British-born boat builder, rowing coach, and influential figure in American rowing, best known for his craftsmanship of racing shells and his philosophical approach to the sport.

Winter Sport

“There is no greater glory for a man than that which he wins with his own hands and feet.” (Homer, Iliad c. 8th Century BCE)

Welsh rarebit

March 1, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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What started as a tongue-in-cheek 18th-century English jest about Welsh poverty and cheese-loving habits has since found its way onto college town pub-fusion menus. Not a bit of rabbit in it.  The phylogenetic origin of Domino’s Stuffed Cheesy Bread.

Best Coffee Spots in Cardiff

LIVE: ABER Radio

March 1, 2026
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The station was established in 1977, long before the advent of internet radio, with the goal of providing students a platform for creative expression, entertainment, and community involvement. Initially, it operated as a small, pirate-style radio station, broadcasting on a limited basis to the university campus. It mainly aired music and student-related content. Over time, the station evolved to include news, talk shows, and interviews, becoming an important part of student life and a voice for the university community.

In the early 1980s, after gaining recognition, the station was granted a temporary Restricted Service Licence (RSL) by Ofcom. This allowed it to broadcast legally on an official frequency for short periods. During this time, the station used various FM frequencies, with the exact frequency changing depending on licensing terms and specific broadcast periods.

In the 1990s, ABER Radio received an official license, enabling it to expand its reach and professionalize its operations. With this transition, the station began broadcasting online, offering a diverse range of programming from music and entertainment to news and current affairs. It also provided students with valuable experience in radio production, journalism, and broadcasting.

Related:

Rifle

March 1, 2026
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NCAA Rife Home

Gun Control and the American Spirit of Independence

The Second Amendment is not merely about guns — it is the constitutional bedrock of individual sovereignty that makes America’s world-class universities possible.  Not “The Collective” not “The Party”; the Individual.  The larger part of US education industry today never learned this in their own schooling or willfully ignore it to “get along” with the partisans of large government who enjoy a fairly comfortable life administering public policy.

In nations where firearms are banned — nations that send their young people to American universities to acquire an American university “cattlebrand” — those national governments centralize power in the name of “safety,” gradually expanding control over speech, education, and opportunity.

America’s founders rejected that path. They understood that an armed citizenry deters tyranny: if the state cannot disarm the people, it cannot easily silence them, confiscate their property, or dictate what professors may teach or what students may debate.

The Second Amendment protects the First Amendment

This single right reinforced every other liberty in the Bill of Rights. It helped create a culture of self-reliance and limited government that unleashed unprecedented innovation and wealth. That wealth built — and continues to sustain — the research labs, libraries, scholarships, and merit-based admissions that drew you here. Harvard, MIT, Stanford, and hundreds of others flourish precisely because they operate in a society where individuals — not the state — hold ultimate power. Academic freedom, open inquiry, and global talent pipelines exist because the government fears overstepping a free people that are guaranteed, by law, the hardware to shoot back at it.

Admittedly, and far more frequently than is tolerable, educational settlements pay a very, very heavy price for this right.  Educational settlements should originate at the family kitchen table.  

Your student visas, cutting-edge classes, and future careers in a dynamic economy are the downstream benefits of that same founding principle. Without the Second Amendment’s guarantee of an armed, empowered populace, the United States would likely resemble the more regulated societies you left behind — offering fewer breakthroughs and fewer seats for ambitious international students like you.

In short, the right to bear arms helped secure the liberty that funds your American dream of an American education on your resume.

Winslow Homer, “The Army of the Potomac–A Sharp-Shooter on Picket Duty” 1862

NCAA Rifle Competition began in 1980 and features both men’s and women’s teams competing together. The competition includes smallbore and air rifle events, with each athlete shooting in both disciplines.

The two primary events are smallbore rifle (also known as .22 caliber) and air rifle (using a .177 caliber air gun). Competitions typically involve both individual and team scoring, with athletes shooting a series of targets from different distances and positions.

Several U.S. colleges and universities have competitive rifle teams that participate in NCAA rifle competitions. Some of the notable institutions include:

  1. University of Alaska Fairbanks
  2. West Virginia University
  3. University of Kentucky
  4. Texas Christian University (TCU)
  5. University of Nebraska-Lincoln
  6. Murray State University
  7. Ohio State University
  8. University of Akron
  9. United States Military Academy (Army)
  10. University of Memphis
  11. North Carolina State University
  12. Jacksonville State University
  13. Morehead State University
  14. University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
  15. U.S. Naval Academy (Navy)

The NCAA rifle competition serves as a pipeline for athletes aiming to compete in international events, including the Olympics where it was part of the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896.  Rifle events scheduled for the 2024 Olympics include:

  • 10m Air Rifle (Men and Women): Athletes will shoot from a standing position using a .177 caliber air rifle at a distance of 10 meters.
  • 50m Rifle Three Positions (Men and Women): Competitors will shoot from kneeling, prone, and standing positions using a .22 caliber smallbore rifle at a distance of 50 meters.
  • Mixed Team 10m Air Rifle: Teams composed of one male and one female shooter will compete together in the 10m air rifle event.

West Point Military Academy New York

University of Kentucky | Fayette County

 

https://standardsmichigan.com/radio/

5G Small Cells

February 27, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Today at the usual hour we examine the codes and standards that inform the deployment of distributed antenna systems for private 5G networks. While not every campus has full small cell density yet (deployment is ongoing and varies by size/location), it’s increasingly common on major ones to support “smart campus” initiatives and handle peak loads during athletic events such as football stadiums we know rather well.

Federal Regulations (Primarily FCC)

  • FCC Small Cell Order (FCC 18-133, 2018, with ongoing updates/clarifications through 2025): Defines “small wireless facilities” (e.g., antennas ≤3 cubic feet, equipment ≤28 cubic feet total, structures ≤50 feet or limited height increases). Establishes “shot clocks” (presumptive review timelines: 60 days for collocations on existing structures, 90 days for new builds). Limits state/local fees (presumptive caps: ~$500 one-time, ~$270 annual recurring, unless justified by actual costs). Prohibits regulations that “prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting” service under Sections 253 and 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act. Allows reasonable, objective, published aesthetic requirements if no more burdensome than for other infrastructure.
  • FCC RF Exposure Limits (updated 2019–2020, reaffirmed in recent proceedings): Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) guidelines for general public (e.g., ~580–1,000 µW/cm² depending on frequency) and occupational limits. All small cells must comply; local governments are preempted from regulating based on RF health/environmental effects if compliant. Requires RF compliance reports/certification in applications.
  • NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) and NHPA (National Historic Preservation Act) Streamlining: FCC has categorical exclusions/exemptions for many small cell deployments to speed environmental and historic reviews.
  • Section 6409(a) of the Spectrum Act (2012, codified at 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)): Mandates approval of collocation/modification requests on existing structures unless it substantially changes physical dimensions (with clarifications on concealment elements).

Electrical and Safety Codes

  • National Electrical Code (NEC, NFPA 70): Applies to wiring, grounding, power distribution, surge protection, and service equipment for small cell installations (e.g., power supplies, rectifiers, enclosures). Often referenced for Class 2/Class 4 power systems in remote powering setups.
  • National Electrical Safety Code (NESC): Governs utility pole attachments, clearances, climbing space, and overhead/underground installations (critical for pole-mounted small cells).

Structural and Engineering Standards

  • ANSI/TIA-222 (Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures, Antennas, and Small Auxiliary Structures, latest revisions e.g., -H or -I): Primary standard for structural design, wind/ice loading, risk categorization (often Risk Category I or II for small cells), foundation, and mounting on poles/towers. Used for pole modifications, new small cell poles, and load calculations.
  • International Building Code (IBC) / ASCE 7: Often cross-referenced with TIA-222 for seismic, wind, and load requirements in structural reviews.
  • AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) standards: For attachments near roadways or on traffic poles.

Other Relevant Standards and Guidelines

  • 3GPP Technical Specifications: For 5G NR (New Radio) air interface, equipment interoperability, and performance (e.g., Release 15+ for standalone 5G).
  • Small Cell Forum Documents: Industry best practices (e.g., definitions, siting considerations, product specs), though not mandatory codes.
  • State-Specific Small Cell Laws: Many states (e.g., Utah, Texas, California, Colorado) have statutes streamlining permitting, capping fees, setting ROW access rules, and aligning with FCC preemption (e.g., Texas Chapter 284, Utah Small Wireless Facilities Deployment Act).
  • Local Design/Aesthetic Guidelines: Cities (e.g., Denver, San José, Salt Lake City) adopt standards for concealment, placement, height, materials, and integration (must be reasonable/objective per FCC to avoid preemption).

Related:

Telecommunications Service Point

Fire Alarm & Signaling Code

February 27, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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“Prometheus Bound” | Thomas Cole (1847)

NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code is one of the core National Fire Protection Association titles widely incorporated by reference into public safety legislation.   NFPA 72 competes with titles of “similar” scope — International Fire Code — developed by the International Code Council.  We place air quotes around the word similar because there are gaps and overlaps depending upon whether or not each is adopted partially or whole cloth by the tens of thousands of jurisdictions that need both.

Our contact with NFPA 72 dates back to the early 2000’s when the original University of Michigan advocacy enterprise began challenging the prescriptive requirements for inspection, testing and maintenance (IT&M) in Chapter 14.  There are hundreds of fire alarm shops, and thousands of licensed fire alarm technicians in the education facility industry and the managers of this cadre of experts needed leadership in supporting their lower #TotalCostofOwnership agenda with “code-writing and vote-getting”.   There was no education industry trade association that was even interested, much less effective, in this space so we had to do “code writing and vote getting” ourselves (See ABOUT).

Code writing and vote getting means that you gather data, develop relationships with like minded user-interests, find agreement where you can, then write proposals and defend them at NFPA 72 technical committee meetings for 3 to 6 years.  Prevailing in the Sturm und Drang of code development for 3 to 6 years should be within the means of business units of colleges and universities that have been in existence for 100’s of years.  The real assets under the stewardship of these business units are among the most valuable real assets on earth.

Consider the standard of care for inspection, testing and maintenance.  Our cross-cutting experience in over 100 standards suites allows us to say with some authority that, at best the IT&M tables of NFPA 72 Chapter 14 present easily enforceable criteria for IT&M of fire alarm and signaling systems.  At worst, Chapter 14 is a solid example of market-making by incumbent interests as the US standards system allows.   Many of the IT&M requirements can be modified for a reliability, or risk-informed centered maintenance program but fire and security shops in the education industry are afraid to apply performance standards because of risk exposure.   This condition is made more difficult in large universities that have their own maintenance and enforcement staff.  The technicians see opportunities to reduce IT&M frequencies — thereby saving costs for the academic unit facility managers — the enforcement/compliance/conformity/risk management professionals prohibit the application of performance standards.  They want prescriptive standards for bright line criteria to make their work easier to measure.

While we have historically focused on Chapter 14 we have since expanded our interest into communication technologies within buildings since technicians and public safety personnel depend upon them.  Content in Annex G — Guidelines for Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings and Campuses — is a solid starting point and reflects of our presence when the guidance first appeared in the 2016 Edition.  We shall start with a review of the most recent transcript of the NFPA Technical Committee on Testing and Maintenance of Fire Alarm and Signaling Systems

NFPA 72 First Draft Meeting (A2024)

Public Emergency Reporting Systems (SIG-PRS) First Draft

Public comment of the First Draft of the 2025 Edition is receivable until May 31, 2023.   As always, we encourage direct participation in the NFPA process by workpoint experts with experience, data and even strong opinions about shortcomings and waste in this discipline.  You may key in your proposals on the NFPA public input facility linked below:

https://www.nfpa.org/login

You will need to set up a (free) NFPA TerraView account.   Alternatively, you may join us any day at 11 AM US Eastern time or during our Prometheus or Radio colloquia.   See our CALENDAR for the online meeting.

Issue: [15-213]

Category: Fire Safety & Security, #SmartCampus, Informatics

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Joe DeRosier, Josh Elvove, Jim Harvey, Marcelo Hirschler

More

2013 NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (357 pages)

TIA-222 Standard For Towers And Antenna Supporting Structures

 

Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings

 

ARCHIVE / NFPA 72

National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security

 

Hunting for Radio Frequency Interference

February 27, 2026
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“A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” 1892 | James Clerk Maxwell

Radio Spectrum for the Internet of Things

Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials

February 27, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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RELATED RESEARCH: NIST Technical Note 1779: General Guide on Emergency Communications Strategies for Buildings, February 2013

 

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