Communication in the Presence of Noise

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Communication in the Presence of Noise

June 16, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Communication in the Presence of Noise

Claude E. Shannon

University of Michigan – Bell Telephone Laboratories – Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Abstract. A method is developed for representing any communication system geometrically. Messages and the corresponding signals are points in two “function spaces,” and the modulation process is a mapping of one space into the other. Using this representation, a number of results in communication theory are deduced concerning expansion and compression of bandwidth and the threshold effect. Formulas are found for the maximum rate of transmission of binary digits over a system when the signal is perturbed by various types of noise. Some of the properties of “ideal” systems which transmit at this maxmum rate are discussed. The equivalent number of binary digits per second for certain information sources is calculated.

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French Baguette & Cowboy Coffee

June 15, 2026
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Standards Kentucky

Napoleon Bonaparte changed the specification for the traditional round bread so that his soldiers could more easily march with food. Chef Woehrle from the National Center for Hospitality Studies in Jefferson County Kentucky demonstrates how to do it.

Cowboy Coffee

cvcv

The Administrative State

June 15, 2026
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“And though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth,, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength. Let her and Falsehood grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter?” — “Areopagitica” 1644 John Milton


“The university is a home of the human spirit,
and when it is ruled by bureaucracy and mediocrity,
the spirit is killed.”
Roger Scruton

Further Reading:

“How Many Federal Agencies Exist? We Can’t Drain The Swamp Until We Know”, Clyde Wayne Crews Jr, Forbes.  July 5, 2017

Franz Kafka Bibliography

  1. “How to Get a Job in the Federal Government” by Lily Whiteman
  2. “Careers in Government: When Public Service Calls, Opportunities and Options for Making a Difference” by Bruce Maxwell
  3. “Guide to U.S. Government Practice on Global Sharing of Personal Information” by Inside the Minds Staff
  4. “Working in the Shadows: A Year of Doing the Jobs (Most) Americans Won’t Do” by Gabriel Thompson
  5. “Federal Resume Guidebook” by Kathryn K. Troutman
  6. “The Complete Guide to Writing a Federal Resume” by Diane Hudson
  7. “Roadmap to Federal Jobs” by Kathryn K. Troutman
  8. “The Federal Jobs Book: Your One-Stop Guide to Government Employment” by Dennis V. Damp
  9. “The New SES Application: Writing the Traditional ECQs and the New Five-Page Senior Executive Service Federal Resume” by Kathryn K. Troutman

Beef Stew

June 14, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Standards Iowa | Iowa State University Extension

Beef Stew - Spend Smart Eat Smart

Department of Inspections, Appeals, & Licensing


“CyTown”

 

Pange lingua

June 14, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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O lux beata Trinitas

A Secular Interpretation of Corpus Christi

Corpus Christi, Latin for “Body of Christ,” originated as a Catholic feast honoring the Eucharist but can be understood secularly as a powerful cultural and social ritual. It centers on the symbolic act of communal consumption—bread and wine representing shared sacrifice and unity—echoing ancient practices where meals foster social bonds, identity, and collective memory.

Anthropologically, it functions like other harvest or solidarity festivals: public processions, mystery plays, and vibrant street celebrations transform abstract ideas into lived community experience. Participants affirm group cohesion through synchronized movement, costumes, music, and shared space, reinforcing “one body” as a metaphor for social interdependence.

Today, the feast highlights how religious symbols evolve into secular heritage—blending indigenous traditions, civic pride, and tourism—while illustrating humanity’s enduring need for rituals that embody belonging, remembrance, and renewal.

Regalia academica

June 14, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Utspringet. Photo credit: Tranås Tidning

Graduation – Swedish Style

Gallery: Graduation Commencement Speeches

What is a standard?

For Every Lawyer, There is an Equal and Opposite Lawyer

June 13, 2026
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Working Dogs

June 12, 2026
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Standards Wyoming | School Facilities Commission

Standards Wyoming

Animals 300

Weekend Georgics

June 12, 2026
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Young Corn, 1931 - Grant Wood - WikiArt.org

“Young Corn” Grant Wood 1931 (Cedar Rapids Museum of Art)

The Georgics by Virgil, 29 BC

Mid-July brings a distinctive rhythm to agricultural colleges across the English-speaking world. While many university lecture halls are quiet during the summer recess, campus farms, research stations, greenhouses, orchards, and livestock units are among the busiest places on campus. Long before sunrise, students, faculty, farm managers, and Extension specialists are already at work tending crops, caring for animals, collecting field data, and preparing demonstrations for growers and visitors.

Across the American Midwest, the landscape is filled with corn, soybeans, wheat, forage crops, and vegetable trials approaching their peak growing season. Dairy barns begin their daily routine at first light, while graduate students inspect research plots for insects, disease, irrigation performance, and plant development. Many land-grant universities also welcome families, 4-H members, and agricultural producers to summer field days showcasing advances in precision agriculture, soil conservation, and modern farm equipment.

Elsewhere in the Anglosphere, the season reflects local agriculture. In England and Wales, university farms are preparing for harvest while studying sustainable land management and rural enterprise. Canadian agricultural colleges are monitoring wheat, canola, and beef production across the Prairie Provinces. In Australia and New Zealand, where winter has arrived, research emphasizes grazing systems, livestock health, pasture management, and preparation for the coming spring.

Agricultural colleges also preserve an enduring sense of community. Campus cafés serve early breakfasts to researchers heading into the field, local farmers gather for Extension meetings, and student organizations remain active through internships, research projects, and county fairs. University gardens and arboreta continue to welcome visitors seeking a quieter connection with the land.

Together these institutions illustrate that higher education extends well beyond classrooms. Throughout the summer, agricultural colleges remain living laboratories where teaching, scientific research, public service, and stewardship of the countryside continue every day, sustaining traditions that have shaped rural communities across the English-speaking world for generations.

“`

Sunday, Animal, Farm, Agri august

 

Agriculture

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