Service Level Agreements
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“Seek Ye First”
“And therefore, I said, Glaucon, musical training is a more potent instrument than any other, because rhythm and harmony find their way into the inward places of the soul, on which they mightily fasten, imparting grace, and making the soul of him who is rightly educated graceful…”
— Plato, The Republic, Book III, 401d–402a
Summer Sport
“No citizen has a right to be an amateur in the matter of physical training…
what a disgrace it is for a man to grow old without ever seeing
the beauty and strength of which his body is capable.”
— (Plato, Republic 403d)
Athena with Hermes, God of Sport
Today we slice horizontally through the multitude of technical and policy silos applicable to seasonal recreational and competitive sport activity. We limit our examination to the conformance catalogs of ANSI. ASHRAE. ASTM, AWWA, ICC, IEEE, IES, NFPA, NSF International, and UL.
Relevant changes proposed for the next revision of the International Building Code:
Sprinkler coverage over bleachers or sport spectator seating (p. 665)
Lightning Protection Systems (p. 751)
Spectator live loading on bleachers (p. 1098)
Permitting of outdoor luminaires per zoning codes (p. 2587-2593)
Last year we examined the standards that applies to the 2024 Paris Olympics; worth a second look this year and in anticipation of the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles
We deal with the catalogs of CSA, DNV GL ISO, IEC, SGS, TIC and TÜV in a separate, international session.
The moment a father consoles daughter after missing out on olympics medal
pic.twitter.com/kSHd4AIH4Z— Science girl (@gunsnrosesgirl3) August 8, 2024
More:
Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa & Hot Tub Code
“The Bathing Pool” / Hubert Robert (French, 1733–1808) / Gift of J.P. Morgan
2024 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code
The IAPMO code development process is one of the best in the land. Its Read-Only Access — needed for light research — is also the best in the land; unlike other ANSI accredited standards developers (who shall be un-named). The current edition is dated 2024, with the 2027 revision accepted public input until March 3, 2025 according the schedule linked below:
2027 USPSHTC Code Development Calendar
Related:
Stata Center
Financials and Endowment 2024: Investments returned 8.9 percent 2024; endowment $24.6 billion
Named after its major donor — co-founder of Analog Devices — this Frank Gehry designed holds the top spot for highest absolute cost per square foot of any US university research — just shy of $500 million in today’s dollars.
The project replaced a “temporary” structure from World War II known for fostering innovation, particularly through the MIT Radiation Laboratory. The new center was intended to continue this legacy by housing the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS), and the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, while promoting interdisciplinary collaboration through its innovative design.
Bird’s-eye view of campus from the Stata Center. #aroundMIT pic.twitter.com/so7euTqtX5
— Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (@MIT) May 23, 2017
The donations were driven by MIT’s goal to consolidate its computer science, electrical engineering, and artificial intelligence departments into a state-of-the-art facility to encourage the exchange of ideas and technology. The project, completed in 2004, faced challenges, including cost overruns and a subsequent lawsuit against Gehry and contractor Skanska USA for alleged design and construction flaws, such as leaks and drainage issues. This lawsuit was amicably resolved in 2010. Despite these issues, the Stata Center remains a landmark of MIT’s campus, celebrated for its bold architecture and role in fostering innovation.
Inside MIT CSAIL’s Stata Center. pic.twitter.com/XSvA9CgSdy
— MIT CSAIL (@MIT_CSAIL) April 11, 2024
Other major contributors:
- Bill Gates, who donated $20 million through the William H. Gates Foundation, resulting in one of the center’s towers being named the Gates Tower.
- Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr. (MIT class of 1954), who gave $15 million, leading to the naming of the Dreyfoos Tower.
- Morris Chang of TSMC and Charles Thomas “E.B.” Pritchard Hintze (an MIT graduate associated with JD Edwards, now Oracle), who also provided significant funds.
- Steven Kirsch, founder of Infoseek, who contributed $2.5 million specifically for the construction of the center’s auditorium.
Site & Survey
The Society for College and University Planning: Ann Arbor, Michigan
University of Michigan 1855
Site and survey standards play a crucial role in the planning, development, and management of large college campuses. They are wildly interdependent with the politics of the host community. Some considerations:
- Optimal Land Use: Large college campuses often have extensive land holdings. Site and survey standards help ensure that the land is utilized efficiently, with consideration given to factors such as building placement, parking areas, green spaces, and pedestrian pathways. This optimization enhances the functionality of the campus while also preserving natural resources and promoting sustainability.
- Safety and Accessibility: Standards for site surveys include considerations for safety and accessibility. This involves ensuring that buildings are constructed in compliance with relevant codes and regulations to minimize hazards and risks. Additionally, accessibility standards ensure that campus facilities are designed to accommodate individuals with disabilities, promoting inclusivity and equal access to education.
- Infrastructure Planning: Site and survey standards are essential for planning the infrastructure of a large campus. This includes utilities such as water, electricity, sewage, and telecommunications. Proper planning ensures that these essential services are efficiently distributed throughout the campus to support academic, residential, and administrative functions.
- Environmental Considerations: Large college campuses often have a significant environmental impact. Site and survey standards can incorporate measures to minimize this impact, such as sustainable landscaping practices, stormwater management systems, and energy-efficient building designs. By adhering to these standards, campuses can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to environmental conservation efforts.
- Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with local, state, and federal regulations is essential for any large-scale development project, including college campuses. Site and survey standards ensure that campus construction and expansion projects adhere to zoning laws, environmental regulations, building codes, and other legal requirements. Compliance with these standards mitigates the risk of fines, legal disputes, and delays in project implementation.
- Aesthetic and Cultural Considerations: Large college campuses often serve as cultural landmarks and focal points within their communities. Site and survey standards may include guidelines for architectural design, landscaping, and historical preservation to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the campus and celebrate its cultural heritage. By maintaining a visually appealing and culturally rich environment, campuses can attract students, faculty, and visitors while fostering a sense of pride and belonging among the campus community.
In summary, site and survey standards are essential for the effective planning, development, and management of large college campuses in the US. By ensuring optimal land use, promoting safety and accessibility, planning infrastructure, addressing environmental concerns, ensuring regulatory compliance, and enhancing aesthetics, these standards contribute to the overall success and sustainability of the campus environment.
Core standards for college campus land use typically encompass a range of factors including zoning, building placement, infrastructure, environmental considerations, accessibility, and aesthetics. While specific standards may vary depending on the institution and its location, here are some common core standards:
- Zoning and Land Use Regulations: Compliance with local zoning ordinances and land use regulations governing the allowable uses of the campus land, such as residential, academic, administrative, recreational, and green spaces.
- Building Placement and Density: Guidelines for the placement, size, and density of buildings on the campus to optimize land use, preserve green spaces, and maintain a cohesive campus layout.
- Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure: Design standards for sidewalks, crosswalks, bike lanes, and pathways to ensure safe and convenient pedestrian and bicycle circulation throughout the campus.
- Vehicle Circulation and Parking: Standards for vehicular circulation, parking lot design, and parking space allocation to accommodate the transportation needs of students, faculty, staff, and visitors while minimizing congestion and maximizing safety.
- Utilities Infrastructure: Requirements for the provision of essential utilities such as water supply, electricity, sewage, telecommunications, and internet connectivity to support the functional needs of campus facilities.
- Environmental Conservation: Standards for sustainable landscaping, stormwater management, energy efficiency, waste management, and environmental stewardship to minimize the campus’s environmental footprint and promote ecological sustainability.
- Accessibility: Compliance with accessibility standards outlined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to ensure that campus facilities, pathways, and amenities are accessible to individuals with disabilities, including wheelchair users, visually impaired individuals, and those with mobility impairments.
- Historical and Cultural Preservation: Guidelines for the preservation and adaptive reuse of historical buildings and cultural landmarks on the campus, as well as provisions for incorporating cultural elements and artwork into new development projects.
- Aesthetic Design Guidelines: Standards for architectural design, landscaping, signage, lighting, and public art to enhance the visual appeal and cohesive character of the campus environment while reflecting the institution’s identity and values.
- Safety and Security Measures: Implementation of safety and security measures, such as lighting, surveillance cameras, emergency call boxes, and landscaping strategies, to ensure a safe and secure campus environment for students, faculty, staff, and visitors.
These core standards provide a framework for the effective planning, development, and management of college campus land use, supporting the institution’s educational mission, fostering a vibrant campus community, and enhancing the overall quality of campus life.
Join us today at 16:00 UTC when we update our understanding of titles in the various applicable standards catalogs that affect the safety and sustainability of these “cities-within-cities”
Related:
Illumination 400
IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee
NEC Section 226.6 Conductor Size and Support (B) Festoon Lighting
EC&M Article 225: Outside Branch Circuits
Electrical Time: Definition of Festoon Lighting
“Starry Night Over the Rhône” 1888 Vincent van Gogh
Today we refresh our understanding of the moment in illumination technologies for outdoor lighting systems— related but different from our exploration of building interior illumination systems in Illumination 200. Later in 2024 we will roll out Illumination 400 (Holiday illumination) and Illumination 500 which explores litigation related to public illumination technology. As cities-within-cities the shared perimeter of a campus with the host municipality has proven rich in legal controversy and action.
Illumination technology was the original inspiration for the electric utility industry; providing night-time security and transforming every sector of every economy on earth. Lighting load remains the largest component of any building’s electric load — about 35 percent– making it a large target for energy regulations.
Our inquiry begins with selections from the following documents…
International Electrotechnical Commission TC 34 Lighting
IEC 60364 Electrical Installations in Buildings
2023 National Electrical Safety Code
2023 National Electrical Code: Article 410 (While the bulk of the NEC concerns indoor wiring fire hazards, there are passages that inform outdoor lighting wiring safety)
2019 ASHRAE 90.1: Chapter 9 Lighting
Illumination Engineering Society: Various titles
Salt Water River Project: Outdoor Lighting Standards
US DOE-EERE Building Energy Codes Program
…and about 20 other accredited, consortia or ad hoc standards developers and publishers aligned principally with vertical incumbents. Illumination was the original inspiration (i.e. the first “killer app”) for the electrical power industry in every nation. Its best practice literature reflects a fast-moving, shape-changing domain.
Click in today with the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Upper Wharfedale Primary Federation School District Yorkshire Dales
McGill University: Before electricity, streets were filled with gas lights
Outdoor lighting systems can be owned and maintained by different entities depending on the context and location. Here are some examples of ownership regimes for outdoor lighting systems:
- Public ownership: In this case, outdoor lighting systems are owned and maintained by the local government or municipal authority. The lighting may be installed in public spaces such as parks, streets, and other outdoor areas for the safety and convenience of the public.
- Private ownership: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned by private individuals or organizations. For example, a business owner may install outdoor lighting for security or aesthetic reasons, or a homeowner may install outdoor lighting in their garden or yard.
- Co-owned: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned jointly by multiple entities. For example, a residential community may jointly own and maintain outdoor lighting in their shared spaces such as parking areas, community parks, or recreational facilities.
- Utility ownership: Outdoor lighting systems may be owned and maintained by utility companies such as electric or energy companies. These companies may install and maintain street lights or other lighting systems for the public good.
- Third-party ownership: In some cases, a third-party entity may own and maintain outdoor lighting systems on behalf of a public or private entity. For example, a lighting contractor may install and maintain lighting in a public park on behalf of a local government.
The ownership regime of an outdoor lighting system can have implications for issues such as installation, maintenance, and cost-sharing. It is important to consider ownership when designing and implementing outdoor lighting systems to ensure their long-term effectiveness and sustainability.
More
International Commission on Illumination
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
National Electrical Contractors Association
Representative Specifications
Sam Houston State University | Division 26500 Interior and Exterior Lighting
University of Delaware | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Relevant Research
Enhancing the Sustainability of Outdoor Floodlighting for Cultural Heritage Buildings
Christian Wiman ✨ pic.twitter.com/r95fWwZZmP
— Dr. Maya C. Popa (@MayaCPopa) May 28, 2023
Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps
Best wiring safety practice for the illumination of educational settlement occupancies is scattered throughout the National Electrical Code with primary consideration for wiring fire safety:
- Article 410 – Covers the installation of luminaires (fixtures), lampholders, and lamps, including requirements for wiring, grounding, and support.
- Article 210 – Covers branch circuit requirements, including those for lighting circuits in dwellings and commercial buildings.
- Article 220 – Provides guidelines for calculating lighting loads.
- Article 225 – Addresses outside lighting installations.
- Article 240 – Covers overcurrent protection for lighting circuits.
- Article 250 – Deals with grounding and bonding, which is essential for lighting circuits.
- Article 300 – Covers general wiring methods that apply to lighting circuits.
We have done a fair amount of work on this topic over the years, including writing the chapter on campus outdoor lighting for the soon-to-be-released IEEE 3001.9 Recommended Practice for the Design of Power Systems Supplying Lighting Systems in Commercial and Industrial Facilities.
For our meeting please refer to the workspace we have set up for the 2026 Revision of the NEC:
We will pick through specifics in the transcripts of Code Making Panels 10 and 18.
International Building Code: Chapter 12 Section 1204 Lighting
The renovated Schwarzman Center at Yale now features dynamic new communal areas, a refreshed historic dining hall and eye-catching exterior lighting, enhancing the campus experience.
Details: https://t.co/XWw1UQR2eB | 📍New Haven, CT, US #ArchitizerAwards pic.twitter.com/mxGxdYw2NY
— Architizer (@Architizer) November 17, 2023
remember? pic.twitter.com/CnmHxXIYB6
— American Nostalgia (@AmericanNstlg) October 6, 2025
IBC Electrical (Outdoor Lighting)
2025 Committee Action Hearings – Group B #1
Proposal for Performance-Based Building Premise Wiring | Chapter 27): Monograph Page 754
Electrical building — World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois 1892
The International Code Council bibliography of electrical safety practice incorporates titles published by the National Fire Protection Association which reference electrical safety science titles published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. The relevant section of the International Building Code is therefore relatively short:
2021 International Building Code: Chapter 27 Electrical
Note that Chapter 27 provides more guidance on managing the hazards created when electricity is absent*. Since the National Electrical Code is informed by a fire safety building premise wiring culture; absence of electricity is not as great a hazard as when building wiring systems are energized. (“So they say” — Mike Anthony, who thinks quite otherwise.)
2024/2025/2026 ICC CODE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
2025 GROUP B PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES | Complete Monograph (2630 pages)
Although we collaborate most closely with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee (four times monthly in Europe and the Americas) we e encourage our colleagues in education communities everywhere to participate directly in the ICC Code Development process. CLICK HERE to set up an account.
It is enlightening — and a time saver — to unpack the transcripts of previous revisions of codes and standards to see what concepts were presented, what got discussed; what passed and what failed. We provide links to a few previous posts that track recent action in the ICC suite relevant to electrotechnologies:
The ICC suite of consensus products are relevant to almost all of our work; everyday. See our CALENDAR that reflects our Syllabus. Today we deal with electrical safety concepts because technical committees are meeting from November to January to write the 2023 National Electrical Code. CLICK HERE to follow the action in more detail.
* The original University of Michigan advocacy enterprise began pounding on National Electrical Code committees to install more power reliability concepts in the 2002 Edition with only modest success. Standards Michigan has since collaborated with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee to drive “absence-of-power-as-a-hazard” into the National Electrical Code; the 2023 now open for public consultation.
N.B.
Assuming building interior fire safety issues can be managed, one way of getting more electric vehicle charging stations built around campus is to install requirements into the building code — thereby putting the construction cost, operation, maintenance and risk upon real-asset Developers and Owners. Code change submittals for the Group A tranche of titles will be received until January 8, 2024.
Information technology for learning, education and training
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Illustration from 1913 showing Pythagoras teaching a class of women. Pythagoras believed that women should be taught philosophy as well as men and many prominent members of his school were women.
We follow the catalog of best practice titles developed by a joint committee of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission that should interest educational institutions with an interest in capturing revenue from students outside their home country (which is nearly every educational organization as far as we can see, save for secondary school districts).
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36 Information technology for learning, education and training is charged with standardization in the field of information technologies for learning, education, and training to support individuals, groups, or organizations, and to enable interoperability and reusability of resources and tool. Excluded from this scope are: •standards or technical reports that define educational standards (competencies), cultural conventions, learning objectives, or specific learning content. Work done by other ISO or IEC TCs, SCs, or WGs with respect to their component, specialty, or domain. Instead, when appropriate, normative or informative references to other standards shall be included. Examples include documents on special topics such as multimedia, web content, cultural adaptation, and security. The landing page for all ISO/IEC JTC 1 is linked below.
ISO/IEC JTC 001/SC 36 “Information technology for learning, education and training”
The Korean Agency for Technology and Standards is the Global Secretariat. INCITS is ANSI’s US Technical Advisory Group administrator. CLICK HERE for a list of committees.
We maintain the work products of this committee on the standing agenda of our Global, ICT and Acoustics colloquia. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.
Issue: [13-100]
Contact: Mike Anthony, Christine Fischer, Paul Green
Category: Academic, Finance, Global, ICT
LEARN MORE:
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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