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Shrove Tuesday
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Illumination 100
Replacing oil and natural gas lighting, the first practical electric light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. Joseph W. Swan filed a similar Electric Lamp Patent in 1880. One of the first large-scale installations of electric lighting was at the Savoy Theatre in London in 1881, which was followed by the installation of electric lights in the Palace of Westminster in 1882. By the 1890s, electric lighting had become more widespread and affordable.
| Opticks: or, A treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflexions and colours of light | Sir Isaac Newton 1704 |
The widespread transition to LED lighting in buildings began in the early 2010s. While LED technology had been available since the 1960s, it wasn’t until the 2000s that the technology improved to the point where LED lighting was cost-effective and efficient enough to replace traditional lighting technologies like incandescent and fluorescent lighting. In addition to their energy efficiency, LED lights also have a longer lifespan than traditional lighting technologies, which makes them more cost-effective over the long term.
Today we refresh our understanding of the moment in illumination technologies. Illumination technology was the original inspiration for the electric utility industry; providing night-time security and transforming every sector of every economy on earth. Lighting load remains the largest component of any building’s electric load — about 35 percent– making it a large target for energy regulations. We are organizing our approach to this topic during 2023:
Illumination 100. Survey of illumination standards catalogs
Illumination 200. Interior illumination including industrial and laboratory occupancies
Illumination 300. Exterior illumination with emphasis on pathways
Illumination 400. Sport lighting, interior and exterior
Illumination 500. Advanced topics including relevant legislation and litigation.
Except jankiness for most of 2023. We have been doing this work since 1993 — starting with the National Electrical Code — and getting the topic organized into manageable segments will be a challenge.
Today our inquiry begins with selections from the following documents:
International Electrotechnical Commission TC 34 Lighting
IEC 60364 Electrical Installations in Buildings
Electrical installations and Protection Against Electric Shock
2023 National Electrical Safety Code
IEEE P3001.9 – Recommended Practice for the Design of Power Systems Supplying Lighting Systems in Commercial and Industrial Facilities (under development)
2023 National Electrical Code: Article 410
2019 ASHRAE 90.1: Chapter 9 Lighting
Illumination Engineering Society: Various titles
…and about 20 other accredited, consortia or ad hoc standards developers and publishers aligned principally with vertical incumbents. Illumination was the original inspiration (i.e. the first “killer app”) for the electrical power industry in every nation. Its best practice literature reflects a fast-moving, shape-changing domain.
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Upper Wharfedale Primary Federation School District Yorkshire Dales
With a @UCIrvine @UCIEngineering faculty delegation to the @PacificSymphony to discuss our joint new instrument competition. The details are still being worked out but needless to say, it will be epic! pic.twitter.com/dvT4Mfp9xU
— UCI Engineering Dean (@UCIEngineerDean) September 25, 2023
More
International Commission on Illumination
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Lighting Systems Division Standards
National Electrical Contractors Association
Standard for Installing Indoor Commercial Lighting Systems (NECA500-06PDF)
Standard for Installing Exterior Lighting Systems (NECA501-06PDF)
Standard for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems (NECA502-06PDF)
Representative Specifications
Sam Houston State University | Division 26500 Interior and Exterior Lighting
University of Delaware | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo | Division 265100 Interior Lighting
Law on the State of Emergency
“A smooth sea never made a skilled sailor.”
— Franklin D. Roosevelt
University of Melbourne Estate Plan
The criteria and process for declaring a state of emergency can vary depending on the country and its legal framework. However, governments generally consider certain factors and criteria when making such declarations. Here are some common elements that governments use to determine whether to declare a state of emergency:
- Imminent Threat: Governments typically declare a state of emergency when there is an imminent threat to public safety or the normal functioning of society. This could include natural disasters (such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods), severe public health emergencies (like pandemics), acts of terrorism, civil unrest, or other situations that pose a significant risk.
- Scale and Severity: The scale and severity of the situation play a crucial role in declaring a state of emergency. Governments assess whether the event or circumstances are beyond the capacity of regular governmental and emergency response systems to effectively manage and mitigate the impact.
- Public Safety and Welfare: Governments consider the potential impact on public safety, welfare, and infrastructure. If the situation poses a substantial risk to lives, property, critical infrastructure, or essential services, it may warrant a declaration of a state of emergency.
- Legal Framework: Countries typically have legal frameworks in place that outline the conditions and procedures for declaring a state of emergency. Governments assess whether the situation meets the legal requirements and conditions specified in these frameworks.
- Proportionality: The principle of proportionality is often considered, ensuring that the measures taken during the state of emergency are proportional to the threat or situation at hand. Governments aim to strike a balance between protecting public safety and minimizing unnecessary disruption to individual rights and liberties.
- Expert Advice and Recommendations: Governments rely on expert advice and recommendations from relevant authorities, such as emergency management agencies, health organizations, and security agencies, to assess the situation and determine the need for a state of emergency.
It’s important to note that the specific criteria and procedures for declaring a state of emergency can vary significantly between countries. The legal provisions and powers granted to the government during a state of emergency also vary, including the duration, scope of authority, and measures that can be implemented. It’s advisable to consult the specific laws and regulations of the country in question to understand the precise criteria and process involved in declaring a state of emergency.
Infotech 300
“The more abundant the information in the world,
the more economics becomes the science of allocating attention.”
— George Gilder
Today we break down the literature for building, maintaining and supporting the computing infrastructure of education communities. We use the term “infotech” gingerly to explain action for a broad span of technologies that encompass enterprise servers and software, wireless and wired networks, campus phone networks, and desktop computers that provide administrative services and career tech video production. The private sector has moved at light speed to respond to the circumstances of the pandemic; so have vertical incumbents evolving their business models to seek conformance revenue in this plasma-hot domain.
Starting 2023 we break down the topic accordingly:
Infotech 100: Survey of the principal standards developing organizations whose catalogs are incorporated by reference into federal and state legislation. Revision cycles.
Infotech 200: Campus computing facilities for research and education
Infotech 300: Communication networks, wired and unwired at the demarcation point; crucial for defining the responsibilities and boundaries between the service provider and the customer.
Infotech 400: System, middleware and application for education and research
The literature radiates continually by consortia, open-source, or ad hoc standards-setting domains rather than the private standards system administered by global and standards setting bodies; to wit:
International:
IEC (EN 50600), IET, ISO, ITU
Vocabulary
United States:
Data Center Operations and Maintenance Best Practices
Everywhere else:
3GPP & 3GPP2, Apache Software Foundation, ISTE, OneM2M, Uptime Institute
The ICT domain is huge, replacing physical libraries. The foregoing is a highly curated sample.
We continue to include teaching and learning media standards on our colloquia however it is likely that will break up this topic into at least two related colloquia as 2023 proceeds; with primary focus on the design, construction and maintenance of the physical ICT infrastructure. Much depends upon the interest of our clients, colleagues and other stakeholders. We collaborate closely with the IEEE Education and Healthcare Electrotechnology Committee.
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Interoperability Model for Large Systems
Malmö universitet
Malmo University
Chalmers University of Technology
Abstract. The INTERO (interoperability) model helps organizations manage and improve interoperability among their large, evolving software systems. They can analyze a specific interoperability problem, conceive strategies to enhance interoperability, and reevaluate the problem to determine whether interoperability has improved.
Chalmers tekniska högskola
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Homeland Power Security
“Electric Production and Direction” 1933 / William Karp / Smithsonian American Art Museum
We collaborate with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee in assisting the US Army Corps of Engineers in gathering power system data from education communities that will inform statistical solutions for enhancing power system reliability for the Homeland.
United States Army Corps Power Relability Enhancement Program Flyer No. 1
United States Army Corps Power Reliability Enhancement Program Flyer No. 2
We maintain status information about this project — and all projects that enhance the reliability of education community power reliability — on the standing agenda of our periodic Power, Risk and Security colloquia. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone
Issue: [19-156]
Category: Power, Data, Security
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Robert G. Arno, Mark Bunal, Jim Harvey, Jerry Jimenez, Paul Kempf. Richard Robben
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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