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Form v. Function | Function v. Form
“We shape our buildings;
thereafter they shape us.”
“The Architect’s Dream” 1840 Thomas Cole
Occupancy classification is “first principal concept”; the essential factor in architectural design because it helps determine the appropriate use of a building and the associated requirements for fire protection and life safety. Occupancy classification refers to the categorization of buildings or portions of buildings based on their intended use and the activities that will occur within them. The International Building Code provides a set of standards for occupancy classifications that are used by architects and building officials to ensure that buildings are designed and constructed to meet the necessary safety requirements. These standards help ensure that the building’s design and construction comply with fire and life safety codes and regulations.
A building that is classified as a business occupancy — as many classrooms and offices are in education communities — will have different requirements for fire protection and life safety compared to a building that is classified as a residential occupancy. Business occupancies may require fire suppression systems, while residential occupancies may require smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors. Additionally, occupancy classification affects the number of occupants allowed within a building, the type and size of exits required, the need for fire-resistant construction materials, and the placement and quantity of fire extinguishers and other fire protection equipment.*
International Building Code | Chapter 2 Definitions
International Building Code | Chapter 3 Occupancy Classification and Uses
International Green Construction Code | Chapter 3 Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms
University of Toronto
2024/2025/2026 ICC CODE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
Chapter 3 Definitions
Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents
Chapters 12 & 13 Assembly Occupancies
Chapters 14 & 15 Educational Occupancies
Chapters 18 & 19 Health Care Occupancies
Chapters 29 & 30 Hotels & Dormitories
Chapter 40 Industrial Occupancies
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code
ASHRAE International
62.1 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Occupancy Categories
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in Health Care Facilities
* The European Union (EU) does not have an equivalent to the International Code Council (ICC) occupancy classification system. Instead, the EU has its own set of regulations and standards for building safety and design, which vary by country.
The main regulatory framework for building safety in the EU is the Construction Products Regulation (CPR), which sets out requirements for construction products and materials that are placed on the market within the EU. The CPR is supported by national building codes and standards, which are developed and enforced by each member state.
In addition to the CPR, the EU has several directives and regulations related to building safety, such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the Fire Safety of Buildings Directive (FSBD). These directives and regulations set out requirements for energy efficiency, fire safety, and other aspects of building design and construction.
Overall, while the EU does not have an occupancy classification system equivalent to the ICC, it has its own set of regulations and standards that aim to ensure building safety and design across its member states.
English Muffins
The English muffin, as we know it today, is a type of yeast-leavened bread product that is griddled or cooked on a stovetop. Historically, similar griddled bread products have been made in England for centuries. The term “muffin” itself has been used in English cuisine to refer to various types of bread products since at least the 18th century. These early muffins were typically made with yeast and were cooked on a griddle, similar to the modern English muffin.
How English are they? The answer lies in the nooks and crannies.
Simple Gifts
https://www.ahk.nl/en/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Horsch
https://luciehorsch.com/?fbclid=IwAR1oClcUFzUCAXWMJ5Ol5JKV29hb–fTpGJwFJbyhwBILYKiUtrjxH5U6JY
Refrigeration
Stony Brook University’s New Ultra-Low-Temp Walk-in Freezer Farm
Walk-in refrigerators play a crucial role in food preparation areas in education communities; residence halls, hospitals, research laboratories and large football stadium not the least of them:
- Food Storage: They provide space for perishable foods, such as fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy products, and prepared dishes. They help maintain the freshness and quality of ingredients by keeping them at the appropriate temperature.
- Temperature Control: They allow precise temperature control, ensuring that food items are kept at the correct temperature to prevent spoilage and bacterial growth. Different shelves or zones within the refrigerator can be set to various temperatures to accommodate various types of food.
- Extended Storage: Compared to reach-in refrigerators or freezers, walk-ins offer a larger storage capacity. This is especially beneficial for residential kitchens that need to store bulk quantities of ingredients, prepared dishes, and food supplies.
- Organization: Walk-in refrigerators are designed with shelving, racks, and storage options that enable proper organization of food items. This organization makes it easier for kitchen staff to access ingredients quickly during busy service times.
- Prep Space: In addition to storage, some walk-in refrigerators are equipped with prep tables or counters. This feature allows chefs and kitchen staff to work directly within the cold storage area, making it more convenient to prepare ingredients and assemble dishes.
- Energy Efficiency: Modern walk-in refrigerators are designed with energy-efficient features, including well-insulated panels and energy-efficient compressors, helping to reduce energy consumption and operating costs.
- Compliance with Regulations: Many health and safety regulations require commercial kitchens to store perishable foods at specific temperatures. Walk-in refrigerators are designed to meet these regulatory requirements.
ASHRAE 15 sets the standard of care for safe design, construction, installation and operation of refrigeration systems. It establishes safeguards for life, limb, health, and property and prescribes safety requirements. This standard does not apply to refrigeration systems using ammonia (R-717) as the refrigerant. (ASHRAE Standard 34-2022, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants covers that domain.)
As of this posting we find only one markup on proposed changes to ASHRAE 15; that one having more to do with correlation with changes to the one of the ASME Boiler Code (a lower tier priority for us).
Proposed Addendum a to Standard 15-2022, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems
Consultation on that markup closes October 22, 2023.
Other ASHRAE committees post their consultations at the link below:
Online Standards Actions & Public Review Drafts
We maintain the ASHRAE catalog on the standing agenda of nearly every topic we cover every day. See our CALENDAR.
Issue: [Various]
Category: Mechanical, Electrical, Energy Conservation, Facility Asset Management, US Department of Energy, #SmartCampus
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Larry Spielvogel, Richard Robben
The basis for modern refrigerators was created in 1755 AD, when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerating machine. This machine had a pump and a container of ether. (24/26) pic.twitter.com/nw7GiSgbIE
— Bucknell_Thermo (@BucknellThermo) April 24, 2020
Real Time Door Security System With Three Point Authentication
Real Time Door Security System With Three Point Authentication
N. S. Vinoth Kumar – Lakshmi Narayanan K – Bharathi V – Naresh R
College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai
Vasim Babu M
KKR & KSR Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vinjanampadu, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract: A smart way to solve the common problem of conventional door-locking system is proposed using conventional lock key methodology and it can be cloned and used by anyone. The proposed system is to make a secure door lock security system with two factor authentications. The user has to use Radio Frequency Identification tag. The tag’s data will be saved in a database. When the tag is read by the Radio Frequency Identification reader, the user has to input a pass code. After the pass code is entered, the user will receive a One-time password on his mobile device to unlock the door. The biggest advantage of proposed system is that the introduction of two factor authentication to gain the access to the door, which makes it more secure.
Abiit sed non oblitus
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New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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