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Vegetation & Animal Management
Facility Management units in educational settlements rarely deal with tree obstruction on overhead supply sources except where off-campus sources provide power to agricultural units. The NESC does not provide specific tree‑species or pruning schedules—that is often left to local utility standards guided by NESC clearances. The IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee deals with these borderline cases, often collaborating with the IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference.
NESC Minimum Vertical Clearances (Rule 232)
| Voltage (kV) | Minimum Vertical Clearance (ft) |
|---|---|
| 0 – 750 V | 12 ft |
| 0.75 – 22 kV | 18 ft |
| 22 – 46 kV | 22 ft |
| 46 – 72.5 kV | 26 ft |
| 72.5 – 121 kV | 30 ft |
| 121 – 145 kV | 32 ft |
| 145 – 230 kV | 37 ft |
| 230 – 345 kV | 40 ft |
| 345 – 500 kV | 44 ft |
| 500 – 750 kV | 50 ft |
NESC Minimum Lateral Clearances (Rule 234)
| Voltage (kV) | Minimum Lateral Clearance (ft) |
|---|---|
| 0 – 750 V | 3 ft |
| 0.75 – 22 kV | 3 ft |
| 22 – 46 kV | 4 ft |
| 46 – 72.5 kV | 5 ft |
| 72.5 – 121 kV | 6 ft |
| 121 – 145 kV | 6 ft |
| 145 – 230 kV | 8 ft |
| 230 – 345 kV | 10 ft |
| 345 – 500 kV | 12 ft |
| 500 – 750 kV | 14 ft |
2022 Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations
Stray Voltage: Sources and Solutions
Michigan State University
Stray Voltage: Sources and Solutions
Truman C. Surbrook – Norman D. Reese – Angela M. Kehrle
Abstract. Stray voltage is caused by voltage drop and ground faults and may have its origin on the primary electrical distribution system or on the customer’s secondary electrical system. The rms value of the neutral-to-earth voltage along a primary distribution line may be at a value of zero some distance from the substation depending on the condition of the conductor resistances, grounding resistances, and the amount of load. Neutral-to-earth resistance is not the cause of stray voltage; however, the value of this resistance to earth at a particular location will affect the level of stray voltage. A four-wire single-phase feeder system supplying farm buildings from a single metering point is effective in preventing on-farm secondary neutral voltage drop, provided the four-wire system is extended to all farm loads, and provided no high-magnitude ground faults are present. Isolation of the primary and secondary neutral systems at the distribution transformer is effective in preventing off-farm sources from entering the customer’s system. This separation may be accomplished using a number of commercially available devices.
CLICK HERE for access to the entire paper
Starting soon! https://t.co/JL03EIEMqo pic.twitter.com/Ttpp4TA8jr
— Wendy Bohon, PhD 🌏 (@DrWendyRocks) December 28, 2023
2022 Guide for Animal Deterrents for Electric Power Supply Substations
1264-2022 – IEEE Guide for Animal Mitigation for Electric Power Supply Substations
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Abstract: Documented in this guide are methods and designs to mitigate interruptions, equipment damage, and personnel safety issues resulting from animal intrusions into electric power supply substations, thereby improving reliability and safety, and minimizing the associated revenue loss.
Scope: This guide documents methods and designs to mitigate interruptions, equipment damage, and personnel safety issues resulting from animal intrusions into electric power supply substations, thereby improving reliability and safety, and minimizing the associated revenue loss.
Purpose: Intrusion by animals into electric power supply substations has been a problem experienced by most of the electric utility industry. The costs associated with outages caused by animals continue to escalate. Although animal problems differ in nature geographically, the damage to equipment, interruption of or loss of service to customers, and safety problems encountered by operating personnel result in similar general concerns. This guide identifies various animals, the problems they cause, and mitigation methods. Further, it recommends criteria for applying mitigation methods, documents survey-reported effectiveness of various methods, and recommends factors for evaluating effectiveness of methods once they are applied.
CLICK HERE to order the guide
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“Mountain High Apple Pie”
More than half of this year’s American Institute of Architects North Carolina (@AIA_NC) awards were won by @NCStateDesign students, faculty and alumni. 👏 Explore their projects: https://t.co/0J28nxhgC2 pic.twitter.com/ACpEgAQfsN
— NC State University (@NCState) January 19, 2024
North Carolina State University Facilities
Clearance Envelopes
We revisit first principles regarding the a safety “buffer zone” enforced by code to make high-voltage infrastructure compatible with surrounding development. Ignoring it risks lives, property, and legal issues—hence the detailed regulatory focus on design (calculations), construction (compliance checks), and management (lifetime enforcement), especially critical around expansive campus boundaries. Often these zones define where new facilities can be built.
"The Great Blizzard of 1888"
Library of Congress link to event:https://t.co/kZLc62yKZ9@IEEECampus pic.twitter.com/32IQTqwyqa— Standards Michigan (@StandardsMich) March 3, 2026
MRS Degree
Dissertation | Standards North Dakota
ABSTRACT. As a collective, women’s experience in higher education has been disparate and differential to some men’s experience over the last two centuries, fundamentally based on the societal influences of the time. In the formative years of higher education women attended higher education institutions for social stratification reasons or for marital choice opportunities and to a lesser degree for college outcomes. This study’s purpose was to explore the current motivations of freshmen individuals who identified as female undergraduate students in their first year of pursuing a bachelor’s degree in higher education.
This study used a qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews of five undergraduate women at a mid-sized university campus in the Midwest United States. An initial pre-interview questionnaire was given to participants which provided background and demographic information to ensure an illustrative sample of undergraduate freshmen women who were pursuing a bachelor’s degree.
Considering societal changes for the advancement of women using a historical lens, this study used qualitative research methods to articulate what the current motivations and influences are for women who enroll in higher education in contemporary society. By listening to the women’s stories college going was seen as a viable and important next step in their life journey helping them to achieve their personal and professional goals and aspirations. Both K-12 and post-secondary practitioners and administrators can learn through their voices what matters most to them as they seek to fulfill their personal aspirations for a career to make a difference while having a better life not only for themselves but also for those who they plan to influence through their careers and with their future families.
By understanding women’s motivations for higher education credentials, institutional supports can be developed to foster a deeper understanding of women, as students, in higher education. With this knowledge, K-12 and post-secondary educators and leaders can design pre-college academic programs and student support services to facilitate student discovery built on the aspects that motivate female students to pursue the full higher education experience.
Related:
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Third time’s the charm: The Michigan Marriage Pact returns to match students for a third year
University of Toronto: Why does everyone want a mid white boy?
Clark University: Love Isn’t Colorblind…
Columbia University Morningside Review: “Wouldn’t You Want to Marry a White Guy?”
Boston College: E Pluribus, Pauciores (Out of Many, Fewer): Diversity and Birth Rates
Fish and Chips and the British Working Class
“Fish and Chips” | Fred Laidler (1918–1988)
Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, 1870-1930
“Fish and chips was in many ways the pioneer fast-food industry. It became an essential component of working-class diet and popular culture in parts of London, and over wide areas of industrial midland and northern England and southern Scotland, in the early decades of the twentieth century…I propose to argue that the fish and chip trade was not only important enough in itself to justify sustained historical analysis, but also that it provides a useful vantage point for examining important changes in British society more generally.”
— John Walken, 1998, Journal of Social History
In England I’m in a very international community. I’m meeting students attempting to learn English, they are from all over the world. Many have never heard of Jesus, some have heard the name and nothing more. It’s amazing, a kind smile and warm conversation is a perfect pretext… pic.twitter.com/jLiDAc8nlU
— Riley Nuttall (@nuttallriley1) July 11, 2025
Camelid Care
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Abby Hornacek
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New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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