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Entertainment Occupancies
2025 GROUP B PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES | Complete Monograph 2630 Pages
N.B.
G73-25 Section 410: Stages, Platforms and Technical Production Areas (Page 591-…) Submitted by the American Society of Theater Consultants
G77-25: Emergency ventilation (Pages 601-…)
G27-25: Type A and B stage definition (Page 490)
G78-25: Technical Production areas (Page 602)
American Society of Theater Consultants | Oberlin College
2024 GROUP A PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES | Complete Monograph 2658 Pages
2024/2025/2026 ICC CODE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
“View from the Ancient Theater in Taormina to Mount Etna” c. 1880 Carl Wuttke
Safety and sustainability for any facility begins with an understanding of who shall occupy it. University settings, with mixed-use phenomenon arising spontaneously and temporarily, present challenges and no less so in square-footage identified as performing arts facilities. Education communities present the largest installed base of mixed use and performing arts facilities. A distinction is made between supervised occupants that are in secondary schools (generally under age 18) and unsupervised occupants that are in university facilities (generally above age 18).
First principles regarding occupancy classifications for performing arts facilities appear in Section 303 of the International Building Code Assembly Group A-1. The public edition of the 2021 IBC is linked below:
2024 IBC Chapter 3: Occupancy Classification and Use
Each of the International Code Council code development groups A, B and C; fetch back to these classifications. You can sample the safety concepts in play with an examination of the document linked below:
2019 GROUP B PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE GROUP B I-CODES
2019 GROUP B PUBLIC COMMENT AGENDA
Each of the foregoing documents are lengthy so we recommend using search terms such as “school”, “college”, ‘”university”, “auditorium”, “theater”, “children”, “student” to hasten your cut through it.
We find continuation of lowering of the lighting power densities as noteworthy. Technical committees assembled and managed by the International Code Council, the American Society of Heating & Refrigeration Engineers and the Illumination Engineering Society are leaders in developing consensus products that drive the LED illumination transformation.
The revision schedule for the next tranche of ICC titles that are built upon the foundation of the IBC is linked below:
2024/2025/2026 ICC CODE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
We encourage experts in education communities — facility managers, research and teaching staff, architectural and engineering students — to participate directly in the ICC Code Development process at the link below:
https://www.iccsafe.org/cdpaccess/
We reserve a place on the agenda of our standing Lively 200 colloquia on this topic. See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.
Issue: [18-166]
Category: Architectural, Healthcare Facilities, Facility Asset Management
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Jim Harvey, Richard Robben
The International Code Council (ICC) develops its codes and standards through a consensus-driven process. The ICC Code Development Process follows these major stages:
Code Change Proposal Submission
Stakeholders (e.g., government officials, industry professionals, and the public) submit proposals to modify existing codes or introduce new provisions.
Committee Action Hearing (CAH)
Expert committees review and evaluate submitted proposals.
Public testimony is allowed, and committees vote on whether to approve, disapprove, or modify the proposals.
Public Comment Period
After the CAH, the public can submit comments or suggest modifications to the committee’s decisions.
These comments help refine the proposed changes before final voting.
Public Comment Hearing (PCH)
ICC members discuss and vote on public comments.
This step ensures that all voices are heard and debated before finalizing changes.
Online Governmental Consensus Vote (OGCV)
Governmental members vote on the final code changes electronically.
Only governmental voting members (e.g., code officials) participate in this stage to ensure the process remains unbiased.
Publication of New Code Edition
Approved code changes are incorporated into the next edition of the ICC codes.
The ICC updates its codes every three years (e.g., 2021, 2024, 2027 editions).
This structured process ensures that ICC codes remain comprehensive, up-to-date, and responsive to industry needs while maintaining safety and functionality.
Time
“It Can’t Happen Here” 1935 Sinclair Lewis
Time cognition, measurement and conformance to tradition shapes educational settlements:
- The development of standardized time zones, which became more widespread in the 19th century with the advent of the railroad and telegraph, influenced urban planning and architecture. Cities needed to coordinate schedules and activities, affecting the layout and design of public spaces, transportation hubs, buildings and the movement of children.
- The invention and widespread adoption of clocks and watches allowed for more precise timekeeping. This precision influenced the synchronization of activities, schedules, and, consequently, the design of buildings and public spaces. It also impacted the design of interiors, with spaces allocated for timepieces in classrooms and athletic events.
- What is now identified as the Industrial Revolution introduced a more rigid and standardized work schedule; including the time set aside for formal education away from the family kitchen table.
Campus planners incorporate temporal elements into their design itself, creating spaces that change over time. This might involve the play of light and shadow during different times of the day or the use of materials that weather and evolve over the years.
Today we account for our work in shaping the literature for time standards relevant to educational settlements. Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Jeff Bezos is building a monumental 10,000-year clock in the mountains.
Here’s the reason why:
“10,000 year clock is a physical clock of monumental scale. It’s about 500 feet tall. It’s inside a mountain in west Texas in a chamber that’s about 12 feet in diameter and 500 feet… pic.twitter.com/lg9mYOJmnT
— Timeless Philosophy (@TimelessPhil) December 29, 2023
Date & Time: Representations For Information Interchange
“A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery” | Joseph Wright (1766)
Most nations follow the day/month/year format (07/01/19 for January 7, 2019, for example), but the United States adheres to its own format of month/day/year (1/7/19 or 1/7/2019). The potential for misinterpreting dates across national boundaries is the logic for ISO 8601:2019 – Data Elements And Interchange Formats – Information Interchange – Representation Of Dates And Times, the ISO format for dates represents year, month, and day from the largest unit to the smallest, most specific unit of time. The ISO date format is the date format used in SQL and is the default date setting on many computers.
ISO 8601-1:2019 Date And Time – Representations For Information Interchange – Part 1: Basic Rules
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How the ISO Date Format Tells Today
Date and time formats used in HTML
Time & Frequency Services
The National Institute of Standards and Technology is responsible for maintaining and disseminating official time in the United States. While NIST does not have a direct role in implementing clock changes for daylight saving time, it does play an important role in ensuring that timekeeping systems across the country are accurate and consistent.
Prior to the implementation of daylight saving time, NIST issues public announcements reminding individuals and organizations to adjust their clocks accordingly. NIST also provides resources to help people synchronize their clocks, such as the time.gov website and the NIST radio station WWV.
In addition, NIST is responsible for developing and maintaining the atomic clocks that are used to define Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the international standard for timekeeping. UTC is used as the basis for all civil time in the United States, and it is the reference time used by many systems, including the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet.
Overall, while NIST does not have a direct role in implementing clock changes for daylight saving time, it plays an important role in ensuring that timekeeping systems across the country are accurate and consistent, which is essential for the smooth implementation of any changes to the system.
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Time Realization and Distribution
The Year Ahead 2026
“Chance favors the prepared mind.”
— Louis Pasteur
Agenda
Technical:
Respond to client queries and retainers
Prepare new proposals for the NFPA 2029 National Electrical Code
Prepare comments on the IEEE 2028 National Electrical Safety Code
Recap of activity in the ISO and IEC catalogs. We are members of Healthcare Management. We coordinate our responses to IEC CDV’s with IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee.
2025 “Wins” and “Losses”
“Wins”: All of the references to IEEE research and recommended practices that appear in electrical related titles in the NFPA catalog are the result of Standards Michigan advocacy in collaboration with the IEEE
“Losses”: Persist in getting Article 210 (Soon to be in Chapter 1) 180 VA per outlet requirement down to 150 VA instead of 120 VA in the ASHRAE suite from an energy conservation perspective. This will be the most meaningful and transformative code “win” since our 2014 code “win” in 2014 NEC Section 220.12.
Expansion of user-interest advocacy for the 2028 IEEE National Electrical Safety Code.
Follow up driving electrical safety concepts into the ASHRAE and ICC catalog that cannot, or will not, be incorporated into the NFPA catalog
Continue driving IEEE best practice literature into the NFPA, ASHRAE and IEEE catalog
Electric service reliability data gathering for point of common coupling of merchant utilities and schools, colleges, universities with emphasis on large health care systems. (Bob Arno’s IEEE 493 Gold Book update)
Break out coverage of ASHRAE 90.1 in its entirety in a dedicated content management system now that its scope includes outside/between buildings.
Break out coverage of Chapter 27 (Electrical) of the International Building Code as a “pivot” or “anchor” post for other relevant titles in the ICC catalog.
10-year retrospective on the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee at the May Technical Conference in Montreal
Administrative:
Expansion of our unaccredited for-profit educational mission to Michigan school districts, colleges, universities, trade schools. In the normal course of business we present educational opportunities to faculty and students administered by ANSI, ASME, AWS, ACI, ICC, IEC, IEEE, IEEE, NIST, SAE and others. List of Faculty & Student Standards Education Resources
New signage at our State Street office
Rollout the platform to at least two more states — we have only one now.
Re-organize web pages to track IEEE, NFPA, ASHRAE, ICC, CSA Group and TIA catalog action more effectively. ASTM and UL catalogs remain “problematic” because their titles are so deeply embedded in products and less so in systems.
List of ANSI Accredited Standards Developers
Other:
Our thanks for the collegiality and wisdom of Larry Spielvogel as he enters retirement
Continued mentorship of electrical engineering students in the IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section. Introduction to mentorship partner Nathan from private industry.
Social Page Rollout: Engagements, Weddings & Births
A few of the University’s Electrical Engineers
Electrotechnology OEMS
In the consensus standards systems of the most advanced economies, the Producer Interest dominates standards setting because the Producer interest can build the cost of standards advocacy into the price of its product. We discuss this some detail in our ABOUT; expanding on the standards development template of the American National Standards Institute. Today at 16:00 UTC we examine the economic performance of the manufacturers with the largest footprint in electro-technologies. Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair: The World’s Columbian Exposition
Electrical equipment OEM stocks (e.g., ABB, Schneider Electric, Eaton, Vertiv, nVent) generally experienced strong upward movement, driven by surging demand for grid upgrades, electrification, and power infrastructure supporting AI data centers. Explosive growth in data center power needs — projected to rise 22% in grid demand for 2025 alone — fueled investments in transformers, switchgear, and distribution systems.
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Renewables expansion and industrial electrification further boosted orders. Companies like Vertiv and nVent posted 28-34% gains over the past year, outperforming broader markets amid supply chain resilience and high order backlogs. Sector revenue grew robustly, with market projections exceeding 10% Compound Annual Growth Rate.
Electrical Safety
Starting 2025 — and continuing through 2026 — we change our approach to responding to public consultation in the development of the NFPA catalog. Draft proposals are listed at the bottom of this page.
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code § UpCodes Free Access (Michigan 2012)
Means of Egress | Chapter 7
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code § Upcodes Free Access (Michigan 2023)
Elevators | Article 620
Second Draft Report
Pool, Fountain, Agriculture & Water Infrastructure Electrical Safety
Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources “Microgrids”
NFPA 72
Definitions. 3.3.89 Dormitory Suite (NEW)
Here are 10 possible definitions or terms for college student housing facilities shared by 4 to 6 unrelated students:
-
Dormitory Suite: A shared living space within a dormitory building, featuring individual or shared bedrooms, a common living area, and sometimes a small kitchen or bathroom, designed for 4–6 students.
-
Apartment-Style Housing: On-campus or off-campus apartments with multiple bedrooms, a shared kitchen, living room, and bathroom(s), accommodating 4–6 students.
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Cooperative Housing (Co-op): A student-managed housing unit where 4–6 unrelated students share responsibilities for chores, cooking, and maintenance while living together in a house or apartment.
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Shared Residence Hall Unit: A section of a residence hall with private or semi-private bedrooms and shared common areas like a lounge or kitchen, housing 4–6 students.
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Cluster Housing: A group of bedrooms clustered around a shared living space, often including a kitchenette or bathroom, designed for 4–6 students in a residence hall or apartment complex.
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Pod-Style Housing: A modern dorm layout where 4–6 students share a compact unit with individual or paired bedrooms, a common area, and shared facilities like a bathroom or kitchen.
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Student Townhouse: A multi-level housing unit, typically off-campus or in university-owned complexes, with shared living spaces and multiple bedrooms for 4–6 students.
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Quad or Hex Apartment: An apartment specifically designed for 4 (quad) or 6 (hex) students, featuring shared amenities like a kitchen, living room, and bathroom(s).
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Communal House: An off-campus house leased by 4–6 students, with shared spaces like a living room, kitchen, and bathrooms, often independently rented but sometimes university-affiliated.
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Living-Learning Community Unit: A shared housing arrangement for 4–6 students in a residence hall, centered around a specific academic or thematic focus, with shared common areas to foster collaboration.
These definitions reflect common housing arrangements for unrelated college students, based on typical university housing structures and off-campus options.
Should show up in NFPA 101 and referral to them is appreciated.
Annex G.
Settlement.
Campus Fire Pump Network.
NFPA 110/111
NFPA 78 and 1078
Hegemon Essex & Hauts-de-Seine Counties
Square D was founded in 1902 in Detroit, Michigan, by Bryson Dexter Horton and James B. McCarthy as McBride Manufacturing Company, focusing on electrical fuses. By 1908, it became Detroit Fuse and Manufacturing, adopting the iconic “Square D” logo—a “D” in a square—reflecting its Detroit roots.
Renamed Square D in 1917, the company pioneered safety switches and circuit breakers, growing significantly with 18,500 employees and $1.65 billion in sales by 1991. That year, after a competitive 10-week bidding process, French multinational Groupe Schneider S.A. acquired Square D for $2.23 billion, raising its offer from $1.96 billion to $88 per share.
The acquisition, approved by Square D’s board and the U.S. Justice Department, made Schneider Electric the world’s largest electrical distribution equipment manufacturer, integrating Square D’s innovative products into its global energy management portfolio.
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Hegemon Cuyahoga & County Dublin
Financial Presentations & Webcasts
Here we shift our perspective 120 degrees to understand the point of view of the Producer interest in the American national standards system (See ANSI Essential Requirements). The title of this post draws from the location of US and European headquarters. We list proposals by a successful electrical manufacturer for discussion during today’s colloquium:
2026 National Electrical Code
CMP-1: short circuit current ratings, connections with copper cladded aluminum conductors, maintenance to be provided by OEM, field markings
CMP-2: reconditioned equipment, receptacles in accessory buildings, GFCI & AFCI protection, outlet placement generally, outlets for outdoor HVAC equipment(1)
(1) Here we would argue that if a pad mount HVAC unit needs service with tools that need AC power once every 5-10 years then the dedicated branch circuit is not needed. Many campuses have on-site, full-time staff that can service outdoor pad mounted HVAC equipment without needing a nearby outlet. One crew — two electricians — will run about $2500 per day to do anything on campus.
CMP-3: No proposals
CMP-4: solar voltaic systems (1)
(1) Seems reasonable – spillover outdoor night time lighting effect upon solar panel charging should be identified.
CMP-5: Administrative changes only
CMP-6: No proposals
CMP-7: Distinction between “repair” and “servicing”
CMP-8: Reconditioned equipment
CMP-9: Reconditioned equipment
CMP-10: Short circuit ratings, service disconnect, disconnect for meters, transformer secondary conductor, secondary conductor taps, surge protective devices, disconnecting means generally, spliced and tap conductors, more metering safety, 1200 ampere threshold for arc reduction technology, reconditioned surge equipment shall not be permitted, switchboard short circuit ratings
CMP-11: Lorem
CMP-12: Lorem
CMP-13: Lorem
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New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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