Un mondo fatto bene

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Un mondo fatto bene

April 21, 2025
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Building Environment Design

Un Secolo Di Storia Davanti A Noi

Resilience of Hospital Power Systems in the Digital Age

Cento anni 1921-2021

Wiring Fire Prevention in Hospitals

A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

Ferrocycles

Topology of Continuous Availability for LED Lighting Systems

Codice etico per la finanza

Performance-Based Electrical Power Chain Design

April 21, 2025
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2025 Group B | Committee Action Hearing #1 | Starts April 27, 1 PM

2024 Chapter 27 Electrical

IBC Chapter 27 Proposal

Group A Model Building Codes

Late Night Breakfast

April 20, 2025
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Late Night Breakfast is a tradition where students take a break from studying

for final examinations and served breakfast by the Faculty and Staff.

 

Southwestern University | Williamson County Texas

Southwestern University Consolidated Financial Statements June 2023 | $643.4M

Behind the Artifact: The Melville Compass

International Building Code Section 302 Group A-2 occupancy includes assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consumption

Facilities Management

Related:

Midnight Breakfast

Kitchens 300

 

Memorial Church Sunday Service

April 20, 2025
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Hillsdale College | The Theological–Political Problem and the American Founding | Glenn Ellmers

From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790

In Federalist No. 2, John Jay [1764 Graduate of King’s College; now Columbia University] argues that a strong union under the Constitution will promote peace and prosperity, which are conducive to the spread of religion and morality:

“Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people—a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs… These considerations, and many others that might be mentioned, prove, and experience confirms it, that artificial distinctions and separations of [America’s] land are essentially unnatural; and that they may be eradicated and extirpated by the united and advisable efforts of individuals and communities…”

The Federalist Papers discuss themes of morality, social order, and the importance of a cohesive society, they do not explicitly emphasize the importance of Christian faith to the American constitutional republic.  The authors generally focused on principles of governance, political theory, and the structure of the proposed Constitution.

Other Campus Worship Livestreams

Harvard’s Memorial Chapel, also known as Memorial Church, was designed by the architectural firm Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch, and Abbott. The church was dedicated on Armistice Day, November 11, 1932, as a memorial to Harvard alumni who died in World War I.

Sunday Service Announcements and Music Notes

Standards Massachusetts

Readings / The Education of Henry Adams

Readings / The Administrative State

John Harvard, the namesake of Harvard University, was a 17th-century English minister lived on campus from 1607 – 1638 and conformed to Puritan ideal of  dedicating Sundays to worship, prayer, and rest.

Why You Need Standards

April 19, 2025
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Department of Justice Antitrust Case Filings

…When we talk about standards in our personal lives, we might think about the quality we expect in things such as restaurants and first dates. But the standards that exist in science and technology have an even greater impact on our lives. Technical standards keep us safe, enable technology to advance, and help businesses succeed. They quietly make the modern world tick and prevent technological problems that you might not realize could even happen…”

Technical Requirements for Weighing & Measuring Devices

Fashion Spring

April 19, 2025
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School Uniforms  | Art Studios

Kent State University Fashion Museum | Portland State University Textile Arts & Costume Design

St. Clair College Fashion Technology | Ontario Canada

“A well-tied tie is the first serious step in life.” – Oscar Wilde

Tom Selleck: Born in Detroit Michigan, 1941 | Michigan Southeast Tri-County

Co-Founders daughter, also Standards Michigan Legal Affairs

Art, Design & Fashion Studios

Barbering & Cosmetology Academies

April 19, 2025
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‘The Barber of Seville’ by Luis Alvarez Catalá

Codes, standards and licensing for barbering schools and cosmetology academies are governed by local regulations; or local adaptations of national standards-setting organizations.  

Northern Michigan University | Marquette County

Building Codes

  1. Minimum Floor Space
    • Schools must provide adequate space for instruction and practice. For example, California requires a minimum of 3,000 square feet for cosmetology schools (which often include barbering), with at least 2,000 square feet dedicated to working, practice, and classroom areas. Additional space (e.g., 30 square feet per student beyond the first 50) may be required as enrollment increases.
    • Rooms for practical work must be sized appropriately, such as at least 14 feet wide for one row of barber chairs or 20 feet for two rows (California standard).
  2. Ceiling Height
    • Practice and classroom areas often require a minimum ceiling height, such as 9 feet, to ensure proper ventilation and comfort (e.g., California Building Code).
  3. Floor Finish
    • Floors in areas like restrooms or workspaces must be made of nonabsorbent materials (e.g., tile) to facilitate cleaning and maintain hygiene.
  4. Separation from Other Uses
    • Barbering schools must be distinct entities, not combined with residential spaces or unrelated businesses (e.g., Nevada’s NAC 643.500).
  5. Compliance with Local Building and Zoning Codes
    • Facilities must adhere to local ordinances for construction, occupancy, and zoning, ensuring the building is structurally sound and legally permitted for educational use (e.g., Virginia’s 18VAC41-20-270).
  6. Accessibility
    • Buildings must comply with accessibility standards (e.g., ADA in the U.S.), providing ramps, wide doorways, and accessible restrooms.


Safety

  1. Fire Safety
    • Compliance with the State Uniform Fire Prevention and Building Code (e.g., New York’s 19 NYCRR Parts 600-1250) or equivalent, including fire exits, extinguishers, and alarms.
    • Emergency exits must be clearly marked and unobstructed.
  2. Electrical Safety
    • All electrical equipment (e.g., clippers, dryers) must be regularly inspected (e.g., PAT testing in some regions) to prevent shocks or fires.
  3. Ventilation and Temperature Control
    • Adequate ventilation systems are required to maintain air quality and a safe working temperature, protecting students and instructors from fumes or overheating.
  4. First Aid and Emergency Preparedness
    • A stocked first aid kit must be available, and schools should have protocols for handling accidents or emergencies.
  5. Equipment Safety
    • Tools and workstations (e.g., chairs, sinks) must be maintained in good condition to prevent injuries. Hazardous tools like razor-edged implements for callus removal are often prohibited (e.g., California regulations).
  6. Occupational Safety
    • Compliance with OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) or state equivalents, such as Virginia’s Department of Labor and Industry standards, to protect against workplace hazards like chemical exposure or repetitive strain.


Hygiene

  1. Sanitation of Facilities
    • Schools must be kept clean and sanitary at all times, including floors, walls, furniture, and workstations (e.g., Virginia’s 18VAC41-20-270).
  2. Disinfection of Tools
    • Each student or instructor must have a wet disinfection unit at their station for sterilizing reusable tools (e.g., combs, shears) after each use. Disinfectants must be EPA-registered and bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal.
    • Single-use items (e.g., razor blades) must be discarded after each client in a labeled sharps container.
  3. Hand Hygiene
    • Practitioners must wash hands with soap and water or use hand sanitizer before services (e.g., Texas Rule 83.102).
  4. Client Protection
    • Sanitary neck strips or towels must be used to prevent capes from contacting clients’ skin directly (e.g., California regulations).
    • Services cannot be performed on inflamed, broken, or infected skin, and practitioners with such conditions on their hands must wear gloves.
  5. Product Safety
    • Cosmetic products containing FDA-banned hazardous substances are prohibited, and all products must be used per manufacturer instructions (e.g., Virginia’s 18VAC41-20-270).
  6. Waste Management
    • Proper disposal of soiled items (e.g., hair clippings) and hazardous waste (e.g., blades) is required, often daily or after each client.
  7. Health Department Compliance
    • Schools must follow state health department guidelines and report inspection results (e.g., Virginia requires reporting to the Board of Barbers and Cosmetology).
  8. Self-Inspection
    • Annual self-inspections must be documented and retained for review (e.g., Virginia mandates keeping records for five years).


Discussion

  • State-Specific Variations: Always consult your state’s barbering or cosmetology board for exact requirements. For instance, Texas (TDLR) emphasizes signage and licensing display, while California focuses on detailed sterilization methods.
  • Inspections: Schools are subject to regular inspections by state boards or health departments to ensure compliance.

Cosmetology (as time allows)

 

Liber Abaci

April 18, 2025
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Fibonacci numbers reflect standardization in nature through their consistent appearance in growth patterns and structures, embodying efficient, repeatable designs. These numbers (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …) govern the arrangement of natural forms, such as the spiral patterns in sunflowers, pinecones, and seashells, where seed or scale counts often match Fibonacci numbers. 

This standardization optimizes space and resource distribution, ensuring maximum efficiency—e.g., sunflower seeds pack tightly without gaps. Leaf and branch arrangements (phyllotaxis) follow Fibonacci angles to standardize light exposure and growth. The sequence’s recursive nature mirrors nature’s iterative processes, like branching in trees or cell division, providing a universal template for scalable, stable structures. 

The golden ratio, derived from Fibonacci numbers, further standardizes proportions in natural forms, from nautilus shells to galaxy spirals, revealing a mathematical blueprint that unifies diverse biological and physical systems.

Fibonacci used a hypothetical rabbit population to illustrate his famous sequence in his 1202 book Liber Abaci. He posed a problem: starting with one pair of rabbits that produces another pair each month, with each new pair becoming reproductive after one month, how many pairs are there after n months? This leads to the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …), where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. The rabbit scenario was a simplified model to demonstrate the sequence, not a literal study of rabbit breeding. Fibonacci’s work focused on mathematical patterns, not biological theorems.

Fibonacci numbers find applications in electrical power engineering through their mathematical properties, which can optimize design, analysis, and operation. Here are five applications:

  • Power System Network Analysis: Fibonacci sequences can be used in graph theory to model electrical networks. The recursive nature of Fibonacci numbers helps in analyzing hierarchical or layered network structures, such as transmission and distribution grids, to optimize load flow or fault tolerance.
  • Transformer Winding Design: The golden ratio, derived from Fibonacci numbers, can guide the geometric arrangement of transformer windings. This helps minimize electromagnetic interference and optimize the efficiency of power transfer by balancing inductance and capacitance.
  • Signal Processing for Power Quality: Fibonacci-based algorithms, such as those using the golden section search, are applied in digital signal processing to analyze power quality issues like harmonics or transients. These methods efficiently identify optimal frequency components in noisy power signals.
  • Renewable Energy System Optimization: In solar panel or wind turbine array layouts, Fibonacci-inspired spiral patterns (like the golden spiral) can optimize land use and reduce mutual shading or turbulence, improving energy capture efficiency in power generation systems.
  • Control System Tuning: Fibonacci numbers can inform the design of control algorithms for power systems, such as in PID controller tuning. The sequence’s recursive properties help in iteratively adjusting parameters to achieve stable and efficient grid operation under varying loads.

These applications leverage the mathematical elegance of Fibonacci numbers to solve practical engineering challenges in power systems.

Masonry

April 17, 2025
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“Buildings, too, are children of Earth and Sun.”
— Frank Lloyd Wright:

Harvard University Dormitory Room | Smithsonian Museum | Thomas Warren Sears Collection

Today we sort through the best practice literature for designing and building education settlements with brick — the world’s oldest construction material.   Masonry is a term used to describe the construction of structures using individual units that are bound together with mortar. Brickwork is a specific type of masonry that involves the use of bricks as the primary building units.

We use the terms interchangeably reflecting vernacular use in the literature.  Brickwork in building construction lies in its ability to provide structural strength, fire resistance, thermal and sound insulation, aesthetic appeal, low maintenance, environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and versatility.

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Masonry is a construction technique that involves the use of individual units, typically made of materials like brick, stone, concrete blocks, or clay tiles, which are bound together with mortar to create walls, columns, or other structural elements. Masonry has been used for thousands of years and remains a popular method for building various structures, including houses, commercial buildings, bridges, and more.

The key components of masonry construction are:

  1. Masonry Units: These are the individual building blocks or pieces, such as bricks or stones, that form the structure. They come in various shapes, sizes, and materials, depending on the specific requirements of the project.
  2. Mortar: Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is used to bind the masonry units together. It acts as both an adhesive and a filler between the units, providing strength and stability to the structure.
  3. Masonry Workmanship: Skilled craftsmen, known as masons, are responsible for arranging and securing the masonry units with mortar. Their expertise ensures the structural integrity and aesthetic quality of the finished product.

Masonry construction offers several advantages:

  • Durability: Masonry structures are known for their longevity and resistance to fire, weather, and pests.
  • Aesthetic Appeal: Masonry can be used to create intricate designs and patterns, making it a popular choice for architectural and decorative elements.
  • Energy Efficiency: Masonry walls have good thermal mass, which can help regulate indoor temperatures and reduce energy costs.
  • Low Maintenance: Masonry structures typically require minimal maintenance over the years.

Masonry can be categorized into different types based on the materials and methods used. Some common forms of masonry include:

  • Brick Masonry: This involves using clay or concrete bricks to build walls and structures. It is widely used in residential and commercial construction.
  • Stone Masonry: Natural stones, such as granite, limestone, and slate, are used to create walls and structures in this type of masonry. It’s often used for historical or architectural projects.
  • Concrete Block Masonry: Concrete blocks are used to construct walls in this form of masonry, and it’s commonly seen in industrial and commercial buildings.
  • Reinforced Masonry: Steel reinforcement is incorporated into masonry walls to enhance structural strength.

Masonry is a versatile construction method that can be used in various applications, and it continues to be a fundamental part of the construction industry.

More:

College of West Anglia: Bricklayer Apprenticeship

North Carolina State University Industry Expansion Solutions: Fireplace & Chimney Safety

Salt Lake Community College: Brick Mason

Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Fall Protection

Fireplace Brickwork

April 17, 2025
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International Building Code | Chapter 27 Masonry

Student Members in Detroit

Founded in 1904 in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the ACI has the most widely adopted catalog of consensus-based standards for design, construction, educational programs, certification programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete — the most widely used construction material in the world.

Concrete Constructability – Where do Students/Young Professionals Learn It?

Q. How is brickwork different from masonry? A. Brickwork and masonry are related terms in construction, but they are not exactly the same.

  • Masonry refers to the broader practice of building structures using a variety of materials like stone, brick, concrete blocks, or tiles. It encompasses all forms of stonework, brickwork, and blockwork. Masonry is a general term for the craft and the materials used in creating walls, structures, and even decorative elements in construction.
  • Brickwork, on the other hand, is a specific subset of masonry that involves the use of bricks as the building material. It focuses solely on the techniques and practices of laying bricks to build walls, arches, and other structural or decorative elements.

While all brickwork is masonry, not all masonry is brickwork. Masonry can also involve stone or other materials, whereas brickwork is specifically about bricks.

Q. What is the difference between cement and concrete?  A. Cement and concrete are two different materials, although they are often used together in construction projects. Cement is a powdery substance that is used as a binder in building materials, while concrete is a composite material made up of cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone).

Cement is produced by grinding clinker (a mixture of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and iron ore) with gypsum and other additives, to produce a fine powder. This powder is then mixed with water to create a paste that can be used to bind building materials together, such as bricks or blocks, or to create mortars and grouts for masonry work.

Concrete, on the other hand, is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates. The aggregates are typically added to provide strength and bulk to the concrete. The type and size of aggregates used can vary depending on the desired strength, texture, and other properties of the concrete.

Q. What skill standards are required of certified practitioners? A.  Concrete work requires knowledge of materials, tools, techniques, safety practices, and local building codes. The specific skill standards may vary depending on the scope and complexity of the concrete work, as well as the location and applicable regulations. Some of the common skills and knowledge required for managing or installing concrete include:

  1. Knowledge of materials: Understanding the properties of cement, aggregates, admixtures, and other materials used in concrete, as well as their interactions and effects on the final product.
  2. Ability to read plans and specifications: Being able to interpret blueprints, drawings, and other project documents to understand the scope of work, the required concrete mix design, and any special requirements or constraints.
  3. Concrete mixing and placement techniques: Knowing how to properly mix concrete ingredients, and how to place and finish concrete using various techniques and tools, such as screeds, trowels, and floats.
  4. Safety practices: Understanding and following proper safety practices when working with concrete, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), using proper lifting techniques, and ensuring proper ventilation.
  5. Knowledge of local building codes: Being familiar with local building codes and regulations related to concrete work, such as minimum thickness and strength requirements, reinforcement specifications, and other standards.

Q. What other organizations are involved in standards setting in this domain? A. There are several organizations that develop standards for concrete construction. These standards are used to ensure that concrete structures are safe, durable, and meet the requirements of building codes and regulations.

  1. ASTM International: ASTM International is a global organization that develops and publishes technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. ASTM has published many standards related to concrete materials and construction, including specifications for concrete mix design, testing methods for concrete strength and durability, and guidelines for concrete repair and maintenance.
  2. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA): The NRMCA is a trade association that represents producers of ready-mixed concrete and provides education and resources on the use of ready-mixed concrete. The NRMCA develops standards and guidelines related to concrete mix design, quality control, and sustainability.
  3. International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI): The ICRI is a professional association that focuses on concrete repair and restoration. The ICRI develops standards and guidelines for concrete repair and maintenance, including guidelines for surface preparation, repair materials, and application techniques.

“American Bricklayer” 1904 | Alice Ruggles

 

 

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