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University of the West of Scotland: Facilities and Services
Standards Commission for Scotland
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Wires
Ampere current flows through copper or aluminum conductor due to the movement of free electrons in response to an applied electric field of varying voltages. Each copper or aluminum contributes one free electron to the electron sea, creating a vast reservoir of mobile charge carriers. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across the ends of the conductor, an electric field is established within the conductor. This field exerts a force on the free electrons, causing them to move in the direction of the electric field. The resulting current flow can be transformed into different forms depending on the nature of the device.
Heating: When current flows through a resistor, it encounters resistance, which causes the resistor to heat up. This is the principle behind electric heaters, toasters, and incandescent light bulbs.
Mechanical Work: Current flowing through an electric motor creates a magnetic field, which interacts with the magnetic field of the motor’s permanent magnets or electromagnets. This interaction generates a mechanical force, causing the motor to rotate. Thus, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy; including sound.
Light: In an incandescent light bulb, a filament heats up ( a quantum phenomena) due to the current passing through it. This is an example of electrical energy being converted into light energy; including the chemical energy through light emitting diodes
Today we dwell on how conductors are specified and installed in building premise wiring systems primarily; with some attention to paths designed to carry current flowing through unwanted paths (ground faults, phase imbalance, etc). In the time we have we will review the present state of the best practice literature developed by the organizations listed below:
International Electrotechnical Commission
60304 Low voltage installations: Protection against electric shock
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
National Electrical Safety Code
Insulated Cable Engineers Association
International Association of Electrical Inspectors
National Fire Protection Association
Transcript of CMP-6 Proposals for 2026 NEC
Other organizations such as the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, ASTM International, Underwriter Laboratories, also set product and installation standards. Data center wiring; fiber-optic and low-voltage control wiring is covered in other colloquia (e.g. Infotech and Security) and coordinated with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee.
Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Related:
National Electrical Code: 310.15(B) Temperature Correction Factors
Neher-McGrath Calculation: Cable Calculation ampacity and Thermal Analysis
Voltage Drop Calculation Example
ETAP: Cabling Sizing – Cable Thermal Analysis
Codex Alimentarius
The Codex Alimentarius Commission regularly reviews and updates its standards and guidelines to reflect the latest scientific knowledge and technological advancements in the food industry. These standards are voluntary, but they serve as a reference for countries and international organizations when developing their own food safety and quality regulations. Compliance with Codex standards can facilitate international trade by ensuring that food products meet common criteria for safety and quality.
Some of the key areas addressed by Codex standards include:
Food safety: Codex sets standards for food contaminants, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, food additives, and microbiological criteria to ensure that food products are safe for consumption.
Food labeling: Codex provides guidelines on how food products should be labeled, including information on ingredients, nutrition, allergens, and more.
Food hygiene: It establishes principles and guidelines for food handling, processing, and storage to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Food quality: Codex standards also cover the quality attributes of various food products, including fruits, vegetables, and various processed foods.
Food additives: Codex regulates the use of food additives to ensure they are safe for consumption and serve a specific purpose in food production.
Residue limits: It sets maximum residue limits for various chemicals, such as pesticides and veterinary drugs, in food products to protect consumers from potential harm.
📰 | #CodexNews | National Codex Committee of Turkmenistan🇹🇲 visits Germany🇩🇪
➕ℹ️➡️ https://t.co/TixjQTUILA#FoodSafety | #Codex pic.twitter.com/1d29EQISDh
— Codex Alimentarius (@FAOWHOCodex) September 15, 2023
Impedance Grounding for Electric Grid Surviability
University of California Berkeley
Readings:
Resistance Grounding System Basics
Electrical Safety for High Resistance Grounded Systems
Electrical Commissioning Specifications
University of California San Diego Microgrid Installation
The InterNational Electrical Testing Association (NETA) is an association of leading electrical testing companies comprised of visionaries who are committed to advancing the industry’s standards for power system installation and maintenance to ensure the highest level of reliability and safety. It has launched a new revision cycle to update the existing Edition of ANSI/NETA ECS Standard for Electrical Commissioning Specifications for Electrical Power Equipment and Systems. From the standard prospectus:
Scope: It is the purpose of these specifications to assure that tested electrical equipment and systems are operational, are within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances, and are installed in accordance with design specifications.
Project Need: The purpose of these specifications is to assure that tested electrical systems are safe, reliable, and operational; are in conformance with applicable standards and manufacturers’ tolerances; and are installed in accordance with design specifications. These specifications are specifically intended for application on electrical power equipment and systems.
Stakeholders: Commissioning agents, governmental agencies, A&E firms, inspection authorities, owners of facilities that utilize large blocks of electrical energy, electrical testing firms.
This standard is not intended to be submitted for consideration as an ISO, IEC, or ISO/IEC JTC-1 standard.
Revision cycles to other titles in the NETA catalogue:
- NETA ECS-2024
- NETA ATS-2025
- NETA ETT-2026
- NETA MTS-2027
NETA standards are typically referenced in electrical system construction documents for setting safety criteria before local authorities permit initial system energization and building occupancy. The NETA suite is also among the constellation of consensus documents that set the standard of care for the safety of building electrical systems across the full span of an electrical system life cycle.
We review the NETA catalog jointly with the IEEE Education & Healthcare Facilities Committee which is the locus of the most informed technical and business opinions on customer-owned electrical power generating facilities for the education facilities industry. That committee meets online twice today:
All standards dealing with the #TotalCostofOwnership of distributed electrical energy resources are on the standing agenda of our weekly Open Door teleconferences which are hosted weekly on Wednesday at 11 AM Eastern time. Click here to log in.
Issue:[13-44]
Category: Electrical, Facility Asset Management, #SmartCampus
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Jim Harvey, Gary Walls, Glenn Keates
Bucolia 300
Why the “Arbor” in Ann Arbor Michigan?
Other Ways of Knowing Climate Change
Anglo-americká vysoká škola, z.ú. Czech Republic
Today we walk through literature governing the safety and sustainability of the open space features of education community estates. Unlike the titles for the building envelope, which are known to most design professionals and contractors, the standards for grounds and landscaping are widely scattered; many of them occupational safety related; created, administered and enforced by units of government.
During the fair seasons we examine the moment in landscape, garden, tree and water literature. We also track titles about the reclamation of building roofs for permeable surfaces and gardens.
During the winter months in the northern hemisphere we include snow and ice management; while covering summer month technologies for southern hemisphere (and vice-versa). Snowfalls in the southern hemisphere are mainly contained to the highlands and mountain ranges, which are almost exclusively in Victoria and Southern New South Wales, as well as the mountains in Tasmania. Winter does not pose as much of a cost burden to education facilities in the southern hemisphere as it does in the northern hemisphere.
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Landscape standards refer to guidelines or regulations that specify the requirements for the design, installation, and maintenance of outdoor spaces such as parks, gardens, streetscapes, and public spaces. Landscape standards typically cover various aspects of landscape design, including vegetation selection, planting arrangements, irrigation systems, hardscape materials, and lighting. These standards may be set by government agencies at the federal, state, or local level, or by professional organizations such as the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). Landscape standards aim to ensure that outdoor spaces are safe, functional, and aesthetically pleasing while also promoting sustainability and environmental protection. Landscape standards may also address issues such as accessibility for people with disabilities, water conservation, stormwater management, and erosion control. They may vary depending on the specific location, climate, and intended use of the outdoor space. Compliance with landscape standards may be required for approval of development projects, public funding, or other permits. |
Father Marquette Catholic Academy | Marquette County Michigan
We track the standards catalog of two ANSI-accredited standards developers:
Tree Care Industry Association
Additional practice titles applicable to accessory systems:
ASABE/ICC 802 Landscape Irrigation Sprinkler and Emitter Standard
National Electrical Code: Article 411 Low-Voltage Lighting
National Electrical Code: Article 225: Outside Branch Circuits and Feeders
Illumination Engineering Society (Lighting Library)
Land F/X: Landscape Lighting, Codes, Guidelines and Techniques
OSHA Landscape and Horticultural Services
As a cross-cutting subject involving soil and water and sun many other standards developers, and all levels of government, produce best practice literature for today’s topic. We’ll have a look at what’s moving among those.
To join us use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Nothing evokes the ancestral blood memory of a man quite like a photo of a peasant girl with goats pic.twitter.com/2hSTF5CcW6
— miss white (@cinecitta2030) July 13, 2025
Monticello
University of Virginia Landscape Services
Garden Club of Virginia Virtual Tour April 2020
Jefferson’s Plan for an Academical Village
Members of #UVA28 and transfer students assembled on the Lawn for Opening Convocation this evening. They heard from @presjimryan and student leaders before signing the Honor Code, promising not to lie, cheat or steal while at UVA. pic.twitter.com/Z0QhGFNyA8
— UVA (@UVA) August 26, 2024
University of Virginia | Albemarle County
Scrumpy
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New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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