A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting
Giuseppe Parise – Luigi Martirano – Luigi Parise
Sapienza, University of Rome
Abstract: The amount of the electrical energy used for the interior lighting of medium and large buildings is generally considerable. The European Standard EN15193 was devised to establish conventions and procedures for the estimation of energy requirements of lighting in buildings by an energy performance numeric indicator. This methodology is based on the three derating factors that consider the influence of the daylight exploitation, the occupancy behavior and, if present, of a constant illuminance sensor. The factors are evaluated by a statistical approach on the basis of general reference data tabulated by the same Standard, not considering more detailed parameters of the control system that can impact severely in the effective energy savings. The Standard methodology appears extremely useful for a preliminary evaluation. For a more accurate evaluation, this paper suggests an improvement of the procedure that considers the effective operation time and occupancy behavior, the type of control and lamps, the number of control groups, the technique of modulation (dimming or switching), and the delay in turning off. The suggested procedure is compared with the Standard one to highlight the improvements.
Related:
Energy performance of interior lighting systems
Topology of Continuous Availability for LED Lighting Systems
2024/2025/2026 ICC CODE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
2024 International Building Code
2024 / 2025 / 2026 Code Development: Group A (2024)
Ahead of the April 7-16 Committee Action Hearings in Orlando for the Group A tranche of titles in the ICC catalog we will examine the transcripts linked below:
International Building Code (Occupancy Classification and Use)
Educational Group E
Note that there is a great deal of nuance in the definitions for healthcare and research-related occupancies
International Building Code (Electrical)
Emergency and Standby Power Systems
International Building Code (Fire Safety)
International Existing Building Code
International Fire Code
International Mechanical Code
International Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities
International Plumbing Code
International Property Maintenance Code
International Swimming Pool and Spa Code
We will examine safety and sustainability concepts tracking in the monographs linked below:
2021 / 2022 Code Development: Group A
2021 GROUP A PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES (2306 Pages)
2021 GROUP A PUBLIC COMMENT AGENDA (1425 Pages)
There are over 100 concepts “in play”; a partial list appears below:
423.5.2 Location of schools used as storm shelters.
423.4.1 Required Occupant Capacity in storm shelters
917.1 Requirement for mass notification studies for colleges and universities.
403.3.6 Door locking.
1003.3.1 Fat, oil and grease receptors in kitchens.
Sections 403.1.1 and 403.2. Minimum number of plumbing fixtures in various occupancy classifications and how many genders.
1110.3 Adult Changing Stations.
410.4.1 Performance theater actor changing room separation from stage.
1202.7 Soil Gas Control. Radon levels in schools.
1204.1.1 Percentage of natural light in classrooms.
321.1 Artificial combustible vegetation on roofs and near buildings.
907.2.1 Manual fire alarm pull stations located at outdoor stadium bleachers
915.2.3 4 Carbon monoxide detectors in Group E occupancies.
501.1 Accessory dwelling units in residential zones
801.2.3.1 Accessory dwelling unit parking.
We will have time to sort through them, assign priorities and prepare proposals based upon colloquia over the next few weeks. Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
April 30, 2023 Update of the New ICC Code, Standard and Guideline Process
Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Updated: September 13
(Original Post: April 12, 2021)
During today’s colloquium we will review all of the concepts tracking in the Group A tranche relevant to student housing facilities owned by the college, university or school district; soon to be discussed during the Committee Action Hearings starting September 22nd. There are quite a few so we will likely not have time to cover best practice titles for off-campus housing; a sensitive area. We will set a separate colloquium for this topic in early 2022.
Group A Committee Action Hearings begin September 22nd and we will provide a link to the ICC livestream every day.
Updated: August 17, 2021
(Original Post: April 12, 2021)
During today’s colloquium on fire safety we will review all of the concepts tracking in the Group A tranche; soon to be discussed during the Committee Action Hearings starting September 22nd.
July 12th
For today’s colloquium on elevators and lifts we will review the following concepts tracking in the Group A tranche:
IBC § 1109.2.1| E30-21, E31-21, et. al | The intent of this proposal(s) is to allow for ramps to serve as an accessible route off an occupied roof instead of requiring standby power on the elevator for that occupied roof.
IBC § 1109.2.1| E30-21, E31-21, et. al | Related to the above. Parking garages and self-service storage facilities have extremely low occupancy loads. Increasing the 4-story limit to 6-
stories for when standby power for elevators is required takes this practical difference in uses into account.
IBC § 1109.2.2| E34-21, et. al | Providing the fire department the option for using the elevator for assisted evacuation in any elevator building using fire department recall; with the additional
improvements of standby power (1009.4.1) at five stories and the fire service access elevator protections at 120 feet.
IBC § 1010.2.15 | E56-21 | Elevator lobby exit access doors
IBC § 1010.2. | E56-21 | Elevator lobby exit access doors
IBC § 3006.3 | G184-21 | Elevator hoistway pressure
IBC § 3001.2 | G175-21 | Elevator communication systems
IBC § 1020.2.1 | G182-21 | Elevator hoistway fire protection
IBC § 3007.6 | G187-21 | Elevator corridors and access
Keep in mind that most of these failed as stand-alone proposals but will likely inform decisions on related proposals; at least administratively.
Continuation of the Group A Code Development may be tracked below:
2021/2022 Code Development Cycle
You may key in your own responses starting HERE.
The ICC catalog informs a large part of our own agenda so we deal with titles within it nearly every day on nearly every issue. For example, we will track interaction of Article 620 of the National Electrical Code, Chapter 7 of the Life Safety Code, and Chapter 30 Elevators and Conveying Systems in the International Building Code
June 14
For today’s colloquium — a review of the construction spend rate — today note the following:
Table of Contents identifying administration of the Group A revision cycle
For the Nurse & Dentist colloquium today we note the following:
We find most of the discussion centered on nursing home safety concepts; a focus area given the circumstances of the pandemic. Public comment closes the end of this week.
For the Lively Arts colloquium today we note the following:
For the Housing colloquium earlier this month we examined the report linked below for concepts related to student housing facilities in these three groups:
2021 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ACTION HEARINGS ON THE 2021 EDITIONS OF THE GROUP A INTERNATIONAL CODES
We will also examine related concepts tracking through the NFPA and ASHRAE catalog.
June 9
What got through? The complete monograph is linked below. We will be picking through these one-by-one, topic-by-topic, according to the topics of our daily colloquia ahead of the July 2nd deadline:
2021 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ACTION HEARINGS ON THE 2021 EDITIONS OF THE GROUP A INTERNATIONAL CODES
– G97-21: Exception expansion for occupant capacity when schools are used as storm shelters
– G35-21 Table 307 Hazardous materials in higher education laboratories
– F105-21 Risk assessments for mass notification system scope expansion for younger children
– Others regarding healthcare settings too nuanced and complex to describe briefly here….
Generally speaking, most of the proposals briefly identified below were rejected.
CLICK HERE to comment directly. Join us any day at 15:00 UTC
May 24
CLICK HERE for the Results of Committee Action Hearings on the 2021 proposed changes to the international codes. You may key in your own comments on these results into ICC’s cdpACCESS Code Development System until July 2nd. Public Comment Hearings run from September 22 through September 29th according to the ICC 2021/2022 Group A Code Development schedule.
April 12
The International Code Council will host public hearings on its Group A Codes, many of which will affect education community safety and sustainability. The proposals on the docket of the various committee meetings are relevant to every topic on our daily colloquia (See CALENDAR). We will be attending these meetings and discussing proposals and decisions in this first part of ICC’s code development process. The transcript of the complete monograph is linked below:
2021 GROUP A PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES (2306 Pages)
We will be referring to this transcript every day for the next month. CLICK THE IMAGE BELOW TO START LIVECAST STREAM.
Proposals to watch:
IPC § 403.1.1 | P26-21 | Calculation method revision for plumbing fixtures for sporting arenas
IFC § 304 et. al | F9-21 | Waste container concepts
IFC § 304.1 | F8-21 | Valet waste concepts in R-2 occupancies
ICCPC § 1205 | PC15-21 | Non-potable and grey-water recycling
IFC § 805.2 | G3-21 | Wastebaskets and linen containers in Group I-1, I-2, etc
IBC § 713.13.4 | FS57-21 | Chute discharge rooms in recycling or laundry areas
IBC § 503.1 | G104-21 | Rooftop photovoltaic systems.
IBC § 1105.1.1 | E116-21 | Power-operated doors at public entrances. (Electrification of building openings gathers pace. Remember the good old days when you simply reached for the doorknob?)
IBC § 716.2.6.1, et al | FS85-21 | Fire doors in storm shelters
IBC § 202, et. al | G94-21 | Expansion of storm shelter concepts to “severe windstorms”
IFC § 304.3, et al | F9-21 | 304.3.7 Waste containers with a capacity of 20 gallons or more in Group R-2 college and university dormitories.
IBC § 1213, et al | G172-21 | Stanchions and grab bars (student dormitories and healthcare facilities)
IBC § 1109.2.1| E30-21, E31-21, et. al | The intent of this proposal(s) is to allow for ramps to serve as an accessible route off an occupied roof instead of requiring standby power on the elevator for that occupied roof.
IBC § 1109.2.1| E30-21, E31-21, et. al | Related to the above. Parking garages and self-service storage facilities have extremely low occupancy loads. Increasing the 4-story limit to 6-
stories for when standby power for elevators is required takes this practical difference in uses into account.
IBC § 1109.2.2| E34-21, et. al | Providing the fire department the option for using the elevator for assisted evacuation in any elevator building using fire department recall; with the additional
improvements of standby power (1009.4.1) at five stories and the fire service access elevator protections at 120 feet.
IBC § 1010.2.7| E47-21 | Exceptions for stairway door operability with failure of power supply
IBC § 3301, et. al| G199-21 Part 1 | Fire safety during construction concepts; removal of waste, Site Safety Plan
IBC Section 202, et. al | G110-21 | Live Fire Training Building(s)
IMC Table 403.3.3 | M21-21 | Minimum Ventilation Rates for Animal Facilities
IBC § 1004.8, et al| E10-21 | Concentrated business use areas (such as computer rooms and data processing centers). See the G99-21 series of proposals for computer rooms.
IFC, et. al| F18-21 | Closer correlation with NFPA 96 (large administrative changes for O&M of ICT fire protection systems)
IFC § 308.4.1, et al| G44-21 | Groups R-2 dormitories
IBC § 202 (NEW) | G66-21 | Electrical mobility definitions
IBC § 1107.2, et al | E124-21 & E125-21 & E126-21 | Electrical vehicle charging stations for R-2 occupancies.
IBC § 1104 | E11-21 | Posting of occupant load
IBC § 1009.8| E35-21 | Two-way emergency communication
IFC § 202 et. al | F69-21| Animal Housing Facility
IPC § 609.3. al | P102-21| Hot handwashing water
IFC § 202 et. al | F175-21| Healthcare Laboratory Definition
IFC § 911-21 | F119-21| Crosswalk and correlation with NFPA 99 and NFPA 70
IPC § 1003.1 et. al | P131-21| Fat, oil and grease interceptors (for kitchens)
IFC § 903.2 et. al | F65-21| Ambulatory Care facilities
IFC § 917.1, et. al | F105-21| More risk analysis for Group E occupancies
IFC Chapter 9 Fire & Life Safety Systems | F102-21 | State-by-state analysis supporting hottened fire safety requirements
IFC § 202 et. al | F5-21| Occupancy classifications
ICCPC Chapter 3 Design Performance Levels | PC1-21 | Risk Categories for schools and other occupancy types
IBC § 503.2, et. al | G190-21 | Replacement buildings on the same lot
IBC § 1204.1, et. al | G166-21 | Classrooms Group E natural light
IBC § 423.4.1 | G96-21, et. al | Critical emergency operations; schools as storm shelters; required occupancy capacity
IBC § 1202.7 | G162-21 | Soil gas control systems in new educational buildings
IFC § 1103.9 | F116-21 | Carbon Monoxide detection
IPC § 403.3 | P33-21 | Location of toilet facilities
IPMC Chapter 3 General Requirements | PM10-21 | Accessibility and maintenance
IBC § 1008.1, et. al | E24-21 | Means of egress illumination
IBC § 202 | E26-21 | New definition for energy storage system
IFC § 1203.1.1| E26-21 | New definition for energy storage system
IBC § 1204.1.1 | G165-21 | Classroom natural light criteria
IBC § 1013.5 | E71-21 | Photoluminescent exit signs installation where they can actually be charged
IBC § 1010.2.10 | E49-21| Access control door locking system
IBC § 1010.2.11 | E51-21 and E52-21, et. al | Sensor release of electrically locked egress doors & delayed egress concepts
IBC § 1010.2.15 | E56-21 | Elevator lobby exit access doors
IBC § 1010.2. | E56-21 | Elevator lobby exit access doors
IBC § 1010.12 | E42-21 | Locks and latches
IBC NEW § 202 | 43-21 | New definitions for Automatic Flush Bolt, et. al
IBC § 1010.2.3 | E44-21 | (Door) Hardware height
IBC NEW § 202 | E55-21 | Control vestibules (hospitals)
IBC § 1110.3 NEW | E142-21 | Adult Changing Stations
IBC § 3301| G199-21 Part I | Fire safety during constructionDenver Public Schools
IFC § NEW SECTIONS 203 Occupancy Classification and Use | F5-21 | See Page 1086
IFC § Chapters 1 – 3 | F14-21| Significant changes to administrative chapters
IBC § 410.1 | G73-21| Stage v. Platform nomenclature with respect to fire load
IBC § 410.2.1| G77-21| Stage fire hazards
IBC § 410.2.1| G79-21| Stage fire hazards
IBC § 423.4 | G96-21| Critical emergency operations; occupant load for storm shelters
IBC § 423.5.1 | G97-21| Occupant load for storm shelters
G99-21 Part II et. al | Definitions of Information & Communications Technology; revisions to Section 429 Information Technology Equipment Facilities
G112-21, et. al| Sleeping lofts (common in student residence halls)
IBC § 505.2.2 | G115-21 Mixed occupancy buildings
IBC § 506.3.2 | G116-21 Minimum building frontage distance
IBC § 302.1 | G121-21 Occupancy classification
IBC § 1210.4 | G174-21 Use of radiant energy to inactivate bacteria
ICCPC § 1401.3.8 | PC16-21 Protection of secondary power services and equipment
IBC § 2701.1.1 | Group I-2 Electrical systems
IBC & IFC G175-21 | Lightning Protection Systems
IBC § 3006.3 | G184-21 | Elevator hoistway pressure
IBC § 3001.2 | G175-21 | Elevator communication systems
IBC § 1020.2.1 | G182-21 | Elevator hoistway fire protection
IBC § 3007.6 | G187-21 | Elevator corridors and access
IBC APPENDIX Q (NEW) | G201-21 | Temporary Structures and Used to Serve Emergencies
IFC § 705.5.1 | FS17-21 | Buildings in a public right-of-way
Much has changed in the ICC code development process–not the least of which is the absence of the Livecast. Today we will examine our own proposals regarding, a) a performance-based electrical design of building interior feeder power chains; b) market-making by incumbents enlivened by the protected class of money that flows into student accommodations on and off campus.
Accreditation and certification are relatively modern concepts that have evolved over time as formalized methods of establishing and maintaining standards in various fields. The concept of accreditation or certification, as it is understood today, may not have existed in the same form in the distant past. However, there were likely individuals or groups who played roles similar to that of accreditation or certification specialists in history, although the formalized systems of accreditation or certification that exist today were not present.
For example, in ancient times, there were guilds and associations in various professions that set standards for their members, oversaw training and apprenticeship programs, and ensured the quality of their work. These guilds and associations, which existed in various civilizations such as ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, could be seen as early forms of accreditation or certification bodies.
Similarly, in religious contexts, there were individuals who held authority to certify or accredit others. For instance, in medieval Europe, there were religious orders, such as the Knights Templar, who were known for their specialized skills and were often called upon to certify the expertise of others in their areas of knowledge, such as architecture or finance.
In the field of education, ancient universities and centers of learning, such as the ancient Indian Nalanda University or the Islamic madrasas, could also be seen as early forms of accreditation or certification bodies, where scholars were recognized and certified based on their knowledge and expertise.
However, it’s important to note that the formalized systems of accreditation or certification that we are familiar with today, with standardized processes, documentation, and oversight, have developed over time and are relatively modern phenomena. The history of accreditation or certification is complex and multifaceted, with various practices and traditions that have evolved and influenced the modern systems we have today.
Perhaps the World Ends Here | Joy Harjo
Standards and benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs). Some of the most commonly used benchmarks and standards include:
These benchmarks and standards play a crucial role in assessing the performance and progress of large language models, helping researchers and developers understand their strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
New topic for us; time only to cover the basics. We have followed language, generally, however — every month — because best practice discovery and promulgation in conceiving, designing, building, occupying and maintaining the architectural character of education settlements depends upon a common vocabulary. The struggle to agree upon vocabulary presents an outsized challenge to the work we do.
Large language models hold significant potential for the building construction industry by streamlining various processes. They can analyze vast amounts of data to aid in architectural design, structural analysis, and project management. These models can generate detailed plans, suggest optimized construction techniques, and assist in cost estimation. Moreover, they facilitate better communication among stakeholders by providing natural language interfaces for discussing complex concepts. By harnessing the power of large language models, the construction industry can enhance efficiency, reduce errors, and ultimately deliver better-designed and more cost-effective buildings.
Join us today at the usual hour. Use the login credentials at the upper right of our home page.
Related:
Four Opportunities for SE Ethics Education
There are no generally accepted best practices specifically tailored for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) development, mainly because AGI remains largely theoretical and hasn’t been achieved yet. However, there are various principles, guidelines, and best practices within the broader field of artificial intelligence and machine learning that could inform AGI development efforts. Some of these include:
Ethical AI Principles: Many organizations and research institutions have proposed ethical principles for AI development, focusing on issues like fairness, transparency, accountability, and safety. These principles could be adapted and extended to AGI development.
Safety Guidelines: Concepts like AI alignment, robustness, and safety engineering are crucial for AGI development to ensure that the system behaves in desirable ways and doesn’t pose risks to humanity.
Interdisciplinary Approach: AGI development may require insights from various fields such as computer science, cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and psychology. Collaborative efforts among experts from different disciplines can help in shaping best practices for AGI.
Research Ethics: Guidelines for conducting ethical research in areas like human subjects research, data privacy, and responsible publication are relevant for AGI development as well, especially considering the potential societal impacts of AGI.
Transparency and Openness: Promoting transparency and open research practices can help in fostering trust and collaboration within the AGI research community. Open access to data, code, and research findings can facilitate progress in AGI development while mitigating risks.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation: AGI researchers should consider potential risks and unintended consequences of their work, such as job displacement, economic disruption, and existential risks. Developing strategies for risk assessment and mitigation is essential.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation: AGI systems are expected to be capable of learning and adapting autonomously. Therefore, best practices for continual learning, model updating, and adaptation in AI systems are relevant for AGI development.
While there may not be specific standards or best practice literature exclusively dedicated to AGI, integrating insights and principles from related fields can guide responsible and effective AGI research and development. Additionally, as progress is made in AI research, new standards and best practices may emerge to address the unique challenges of AGI.
Join us today when we examine the state of the literature that governs the safety and performance of occupancies designed and operated for the care of children specifically; family support generally. There is a fair amount of overlap in the safety and performance principles in the titles which frequently reference each other; all of them responding to unintended incidents, innovation and new discoveries.
In hospitals and clinics, the titles we follow — and engage with proposed revisions — are listed below:
Since the ASHRAE catalog is growing to encompass every occupancy on earth; we keep pace with it; There’s never not something happening there is not relevant to our work:
Hoover Institution: The De-Population Bomb
To repeat a statement made throughout the Standards Michigan facility: We place the Underwriters Laboratory and ASTM International best practice catalogs at a lower priority because the business models of those organizations deal primarily with product standards — not interoperability standards. You will see UL and ASTM labels on many, many products within pediatric and daycare environments but, as a user-interest, we do not have the resources to engage with the UL and ASTM suite product-by-product; essential as they may be.
Ensuring the safety of children in daycare centers involves compliance with various codes and standards in the United States. Here are some key ones:
Governmental agencies at all levels incorporate these titles — partially or whole cloth — present additional, typically more rigorous requirements.
Of course, the primary hazard we address is the presence of reliable of safe and economical electricity. All of the foregoing titles depend upon electricity so we deal with the technical literature on electricity on a near-continuous basis.
Use the login credentials at the upper right of our homepage.
Founded in 1951, ACOG is a membership organization for obstetrician–gynecologists. The College produces practice guidelines for health care professionals and educational materials for patients, provides practice management and career support, facilitates programs and initiatives to improve women’s health, and advocates for members and patients.
It provides several educational tracks for member certification and licensing largely derived from federal regulations. It also invites proposals from members about organizational priorities; one such linked below:
Abortion Misinformation Campaign
The link above also proves that no matter how well educated an organization’s members, the leadership of the organization is capable of shenanigans with federal law that leaves the regulation of abortion to states; closer to the cultural norms of local communities.
Related:
“A half truth is a full lie” — so goes the adage. In service of telling the full story — only half of which is told in the RFP linked above — a map of states is linked below.
Interactive Map: Abortion Laws by State
PROLOG: Gynecology and Surgery, Ninth Edition, has the latest evidence-based reviews of core topics in gynecology. This self-directed learning resource is designed to help #ObGyns and other #HCPs assess and update your clinical knowledge. Order now: https://t.co/AO9u4JDT8p pic.twitter.com/oPbg3l2DAx
— ACOG (@acog) January 31, 2024
One of the craziest tornado videos ever out of Nebraska 😱pic.twitter.com/pq0CVf9qrv
— Old Row (@OldRowOfficial) April 26, 2024
This video was taken by my friend in Nebraska. Those tornadoes were unreal. Thankfully, I’ve only seen maybe – couple up close. Does anyone know if there are places to donate money/supplies/food to the people who were hurt by this tornado? pic.twitter.com/OV50zpn8sI
— Reese🇺🇸🐊 (@reeseonable) April 27, 2024
Incredible footage of the massive tornadoes that ripped across Nebraska and Iowa yesterday.pic.twitter.com/nGJHuYjadf
— Citizen Free Press (@CitizenFreePres) April 28, 2024
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwB pic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
— USPTO (@uspto) July 13, 2023
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