Refrigeration Systems: Cadaver Preservation

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Refrigeration Systems: Cadaver Preservation

November 1, 2024
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Although specific temperature settings vary, gross anatomy labs are commonly kept at temperatures ranging from 55°F to 65°F (approximately 13°C to 18°C). This range balances the need for specimen preservation and the comfort and safety of individuals working in the lab. The 2022 Edition is widely incorporated by reference into public safety law; design, construction, maintenance operations best practice for laboratory health care occupancies.

ASHRAE 15 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems

Purpose:  This standard specifies safe design, construction, installation and operation of refrigeration systems.  It not apply to refrigeration systems using ammonia (R-717) as the refrigerant.

Scope: This standard establishes safeguards for life, limb, health, and property and prescribes safety requirements:

  • Design, construction, test, installation, operation, and inspection of mechanical and absorption refrigeration systems, including heat pump systems used in stationary applications;
  • Modifications including replacement of parts or components if they are not identical in function and capacity; and substitutions of refrigerant having a different designation.

ASHRAE Public Review Drafts

This standard provides safety requirements for refrigeration systems, which are often used in cadaver storage facilities to maintain appropriate temperatures. It includes guidelines on system design, installation, operation, and maintenance to ensure safe and reliable performance.  Student gross anatomy labs are typically kept at lower temperatures. Maintaining a cooler environment in these labs is important for several reasons:

  1. Preservation of Specimens: Lower temperatures help preserve cadavers and anatomical specimens by slowing down the decomposition process. This is crucial for maintaining the quality and usability of the specimens over extended periods.
  2. Control of Odors: Cooler temperatures can help minimize the release of odors from the preservation chemicals used, such as formaldehyde, which can be unpleasant and potentially harmful in higher concentrations.
  3. Health and Safety: Maintaining a lower temperature can reduce the volatilization of formaldehyde and other chemicals, thereby lowering the concentration of potentially harmful vapors in the air. This contributes to a safer environment for students and faculty.
  4. Comfort during Lab Sessions: Students and instructors often wear protective clothing, including lab coats and gloves, which can be uncomfortable in warmer environments. A cooler lab helps ensure comfort during extended periods of study and dissection.

While the specific temperature settings can vary, gross anatomy labs are commonly kept at temperatures ranging from 55°F to 65°F (approximately 13°C to 18°C). This range balances the need for specimen preservation and the comfort and safety of individuals working in the lab.

University of Michigan Mechanical Design Guidelines and General Specifications

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Cloud Computing Paradigm

October 30, 2024
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“The greatest danger in modern technology isn’t that machines will begin to think like people,
ut that people will begin to think like machines.”
— Michael Gazzaniga

NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

The “next big thing” reveals itself in hindsight.  Some areas of interest and potential advancements include:

  1. Edge Computing: Edge computing brings computation closer to the data source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. It enables processing and analysis of data at or near the edge of the network, which is especially important for applications like IoT, real-time analytics, and autonomous systems.
  2. Quantum Computing: Quantum computing holds the promise of solving complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Cloud providers are exploring ways to offer quantum computing as a service, allowing users to harness the power of quantum processors.
  3. Serverless Computing: Serverless computing abstracts away server management, enabling developers to focus solely on writing code. Cloud providers offer Function as a Service (FaaS), where users pay only for the actual execution time of their code, leading to more cost-effective and scalable solutions.
  4. Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud: Organizations are increasingly adopting multi-cloud and hybrid cloud strategies to avoid vendor lock-in, enhance resilience, and optimize performance by distributing workloads across different cloud providers and on-premises infrastructure.
  5. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Cloud providers are integrating AI and ML capabilities into their platforms, making it easier for developers to build AI-driven applications and leverage pre-built models for various tasks.
  6. Serverless AI: The combination of serverless computing and AI allows developers to build and deploy AI models without managing the underlying infrastructure, reducing complexity and operational overhead.
  7. Extended Security and Privacy: As data privacy concerns grow, cloud providers are investing in improved security measures and privacy-enhancing technologies to protect sensitive data and ensure compliance with regulations.
  8. Containerization and Kubernetes: Containers offer a lightweight, portable way to package and deploy applications. Kubernetes, as a container orchestration tool, simplifies the management of containerized applications, enabling scalable and resilient deployments.

 

“All Applicable Standards”

October 29, 2024
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From time to time we drill into representative design guidelines and specifications for facility classes that are present on educational campuses; including projects involving the spaces between buildings — i.e. water, pathway, power and telecommunication infrastructure.

We place particular emphasis on the “General Conditions” of these guidelines and specifications because up to 20 percent of a construction project may involve the cost of general conditions; depending upon how many disciplines are involved.

We find excesses in the General Conditions that tend to inflate contingency requirements but also shortcomings that design professionals, construction project managers and building service engineers* should know about.   Facility development units will likely want to tweak design and construction documents to harmonize with the latest changes in the codes and standards that govern the safety and sustainability agenda of the education facility industry.

Tulane University School of Architecture


Building services engineers are responsible for the design, installation, operation and monitoring of the technical services in buildings (including mechanical, electrical and public health systems, also known as MEP or HVAC), in order to ensure the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation.

Building services engineers work closely with other construction professionals such as architects, structural engineers and quantity surveyors.

Building services engineers influence the architectural design of building, in particular facades, in relation to energy efficiency and indoor environment, and can integrate local energy production (e.g. façade-integrated photovoltaics) or community-scale energy facilities (e.g. district heating). Building services engineers therefore play an important role in the design and operation of energy-efficient buildings (including green buildings, passive houses and zero energy buildings.  uses. With buildings accounting for about a third of all carbon emissions] and over a half of the global electricity demand, building services engineers play an important role in the move to a low-carbon society; a prevailing sentiment among many educational settlements.


Update: 29 November 2024

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