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2017 National Electrical Code § 110.5

January 27, 2024
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Changes in the National Electrical Code do not happen in bold strokes, neither do they happen without building a consensus among many stakeholders. After twelve years proposing that aluminum wiring as a conducting material receive bright line permission in the Chapter One of the NEC (instead of having it buried in the wiring tables of Chapter Three) — Mike Anthony’s proposal to add the word “or aluminum” (as an appropriate electrical conducting material) to this section of the NEC was approved and now stands as an option for electrical engineers and contractors. The result:

Ω The feeder building premise power chain can cost 2/3rd less — because aluminum wiring is 1/3rd the cost of copper wiring

Ω  “Swing feeders” on a large campus style medium voltage power grid can be built more economically; thereby increasing the reliability of an appropriately designed and operated power grid.

Christel Hunter explains a significant change in the 2017 National Electrical Code (NEC).   Getting two words changed in Section 110.5 of the NEC may not seem to be as disruptive a concept as it really is.   For the emergent #SmartCampus, use of aluminum wiring — especially for lengthy medium voltage feeders — presents the possibility of more economically feasible backup feeders which, in the case of university-affiliated medical research and healthcare delivery enterprises, can be worth millions of dollars per minute when forced outage restoration times are reduced. with the energization of a “backup swing feeder”.

Aluminum wiring — when installed according to specification — reduces the material cost of building premise wiring by 2/3rd’s.

Issue: [11-28]

Category: Electrical

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Jim Harvey, Richard Robben

Aluminum wiring costs 2/3rds less and is about half the weight of copper wiring. Aluminum wiring does require a larger cross sectional area — and sometimes larger raceway — for the same ampere “throughput” as copper wiring.

A novel smart energy management system in sports stadiums

January 26, 2024
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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A novel smart energy management system in sports stadiums

Shady S. Refaat, et al

Texas A&M University at Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

Professional and collegiate sport venues consume huge electrical energy. Therefore, a smart management of their electric energy is essential for significant energy saving. Accordingly, this paper proposes a novel embedded real-time, smart, and active energy management system to monitor and efficiently manage such huge and typically uncontrolled energy for minimizing energy consumption and cost per day while considering spectators preferences, comfort level in behavioral modification program, and health aspects. This will provide an opportunity for spectators to reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency while considering healthcare concept. In addition, the proposed energy management system is equipped with embedded tools to collect and monitor energy information for each stadium’s area. The data are processed and fed to the artificial neural network algorithm that is used for managing and controlling stadium loads. This strategy does not require any change in the conventional stadium electrical panel. The proposed online algorithm yields to improve the overall grid efficiency, reliability, and increase awareness of the importance of energy conservation. Real-Time implementation of the concept is demonstrated and analyzed.


Michigan

Optimal Dispatch of Electricity-Gas Systems

January 23, 2024
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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北京清华大学

A Dynamic Equivalent Energy Storage Model of Natural Gas Networks for Joint Optimal Dispatch of Electricity-Gas Systems

Siyuan Wang, et. al

Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Abstract:  The development of energy conversion techniques enhances the coupling between the gas network and power system. However, challenges remain in the joint optimal dispatch of electricity-gas systems. The dynamic model of the gas network, described by partial differential equations, is complex and computationally demanding for power system operators. Furthermore, information privacy concerns and limited accessibility to detailed gas network models by power system operators necessitate quantifying the equivalent energy storage capacity of gas networks. This article proposes a multi-port energy storage model with time-varying capacity to represent the dynamic gas state transformation and operational constraints in a compact and intuitive form. The model can be easily integrated into the optimal dispatch problem of the power system. Test cases demonstrate that the proposed model ensures feasible control strategies and significantly reduces the computational burden while maintaining high accuracy in the joint optimal dispatch of electricity-gas systems. In contrast, the existing static equivalent model fails to capture the full flexibility of the gas network and may yield infeasible results.

Related:

Interdependent Water & Electricity Networks

Electric Power Availability: Cold Weather Preparedness

Bei Mir Bist Du Shein

January 22, 2024
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https://www.facebook.com/groups/1047443902455259/permalink/1182140308985617/

Università del caffè

January 22, 2024
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Illycaffè — commonly known as “Illy” — is an Italian coffee company sets high standards in the art and science of coffee culture.  Founded by Francesco Illy in Trieste, Italy, in 1933, the company collaborates with artists to create innovative coffee-related products

c

Un mondo fatto bene

Language Proficiency

January 22, 2024
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“The first and most distinguishing feature of civil society is the use of language.”

Adam Ferguson’s “An Essay on the History of Civil Society”

“Minerva Preserving to the World the Latin Grammar”

Standard Practice for Assessing Language Proficiency

Committee F43 on Language Services and Products

One of the easiest ways to persuade someone who disagrees with you is to change the subject without them knowing about it.  Application of this method is found in the technical literature that informs safety and sustainability regulations at all levels of government.  Change definitions; change the subject; outcome changed — hence our interest in spoken, written and computer languages.

Almost all technical standards begin with a list of definitions which, among domain experts, are frequently hard won.

From the project prospectus:

Purpose—This practice describes best practices for the development and use of language tests in the modalities of speaking, listening, reading, and writing for assessing ability in accordance with the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR)2 scale. This practice focuses on testing language proficiency in use of language for communicative purposes.

Limitations—This practice is not intended to address testing and test development in the following specialized areas: Translation, Interpretation, Audio Translation, Transcription, other job-specific language performance tests, or Diagnostic Assessment.   Tests developed under this practice should not be used to address any of the above excluded purposes (for example, diagnostics).

This title was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade Committee.

As of the date of this post we find no changes in the titles developed by this committee; nor do we see any notice of meetings; likely owed to the circumstances of the pandemic. Last Update: April 2020

Language lies at the foundation of all standards-setting so we maintain this title on the standing agenda of several of our daily colloquia.  Its an “evergreen” topic that we can explore every day in every title in every catalog   Feel free to click in to any of our daily colloquia; login credentials at the upper right of our home page.

A Translator’s Journey


More

Standards for the Modern Language Industry

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages

Michigan State University: A Rhetorical History of the United States

CORRECTION: In the clip above, at the 5:11 mark, the caption should read: “He mobilized the English language”

 

„Jede Sprache ist eine schlechte Übersetzung“ – Franz Kafka

High Tea

January 21, 2024
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The Idea of a University: John Henry Newman

This tradition has its origins in England during the 18th and 19th centuries.  In the 18th century, the working class would have a substantial meal in the evening after finishing work, and this meal became known as “high tea” because it was eaten at a high, dinner table. It typically included hearty dishes such as meat pies, cold cuts, and other substantial fare.

On the other hand, the upper classes would have a lighter afternoon tea, usually served on low tables. This afternoon tea included finger sandwiches, scones, pastries, and, of course, tea. This more delicate tea was later referred to as “low tea” or “afternoon tea.”

Over time, the distinction between high tea and afternoon tea blurred, and today the term “high tea” is often misused to describe an elegant afternoon tea. However, the original high tea was a working-class meal, while afternoon tea was a more refined social event among the upper classes.

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