Flying Tigers

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Flying Tigers

October 1, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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The Flying Tigers, officially the First American Volunteer Group (AVG), were American pilots led by Claire Lee Chennault, formed in 1941 to aid China against Japanese forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, they were tasked with defending Chinese skies and supply lines. However, the Flying Tigers did not directly stop the Rape of Nanking, which occurred from December 1937 to January 1938, as they were not yet formed.

By the time they saw combat on December 20, 1941, after Pearl Harbor, Nanjing had already fallen. Their role was significant later, defending key areas like Kunming and the Burma Road, disrupting Japanese air operations, and boosting Chinese morale. With only 62 combat-ready pilots, they destroyed 296 Japanese aircraft, but their impact came post-Nanjing, aiding China’s broader resistance against Japanese aggression.

SAVE OUR SOULS: United States Library of Congress: Wartime Messages from China to the American People (1943–1945)

 

Secretariat: China

October 1, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Standards Administration of China

Selected Global Leadership Projects

ISO/TC 37
Terminology (principles and coordination)
Secretariat
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Zhou Changqing since 2008.
ISO/TC 37/SC 1
Terminology work in the field of metallurgy
Secretariat
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Zhou Changqing since 2008.
SO/TC 59/SC 19
Prefabricated building
Secretariat & Chair
Secretariat held by SAC; Chair: Boyue Yin (China). Established recently; focuses on prefabricated construction standards.
ISO/TC 69/SC 7
Application of statistical and related methods to administration
Chair
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Ding Wenxing since 2008.
ISO/TC 186
Services for fire safety
Secretariat
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Duan Min since 2016.
ISO/TC 207/SC 7
Greenhouse gas management and related activities – Organizational and operational level
Joint Secretariat
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Liu Mei since 2010.
ISO/TC 242
Management consultancy
Vice Chair
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Li Aixian since 2008.
ISO/TC 257
Energy conservation
Secretary (Energy Conservation Secretariat)
Held by SAC/CNIS expert Li Pengcheng since 2010.
ISO/TC 349
Cultural heritage conservation
Secretariat
Based in Beijing, China (SAC); established in 2024 to standardize terms and practices for heritage protection and restoration.
ISO/TC 130
Graphic technology
Past Chair & Secretary
Past Chair: Jialing Pu (SAC); long-term secretary support by SAC expert Yuanchao Cui.
ISO/TC 336
Laboratory design
Secretariat
Held by SAC (Beijing, China) since establishment in 2023. Scope: Standardization of laboratory design for functional, safe, energy-efficient, and sustainable facilities, including personnel safety, health, environmental protection, and energy-saving devices integral to labs. Excludes general lab equipment (covered by ISO/TC 48

Related:

ISO 7098:2015Information and documentation — Romanization of Chinese

Laboratory Design

US-held ISO Secretariats

I-Code Group B Committee Action Results

October 1, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Code Development Schedule

Complete Monograph (2630 Pages)

Voting Results

IBC Rebuttal on G153-25 Performance Electrical Design

(response with hyperlinks to supporting research)

 

Partial listing.  We have until July 15th to comment on committee action

Our proposal G153-25: Page 754

Michigan Modular G195-25: Page 859

“Clinical Need” definition for enhanced security: Page 765

“Electric Vehicle Charger” definition by the  National Parking Association/Parking Consultant’s Council: Page 457

“EV Charging Space” definition: Page 458

“EV Supply Equipment” definition: Page 460

ADM20-25 Authority of building official in natural disasters and high hazard regions, p141

ASM3-25 Electrical equipment re-use, p195

G2-25.  New definition for Animal Housing Facilities, p438

S57-25.  Quite a bit of back and forth on wind and PV “farms, p1053, et. al (“Wind and solar farms are different from animal and produce farms” — Mike Anthony)

G143-25 Lighting Section 1204L remote rooms, windowless rooms, University of Texas Austin student accommodation costs, p. 737-

PM31-25 Housekeeping and sanitation in owned property as law, p1794

PM50-25, Sleeping units to be private, p.1829

RB146-25.  Energy storage systems installed in garages, requirements for physical protection, p. 2195

RB144-25, Load capacity ratings and compliance with NFPA 855, p. 2186

RB143-25, Working roof walking access around solar panels, p. 2180

SP1-25 New definition of base flood elevation for purpose of correlating requirements for electrical safety, et. al, p. 2578

Landing Page for Group B 2025

cdpACCESS 

Link to Track 1 and Track 2 Webcast

Performance-Based Electrical Power Chain Design

Architectural Billings

October 1, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Architectural Record September 24, 2025 

AIA Global Campus for Architecture & Design

Selecting architects for designing large educational campus buildings typically involves a structured process that ensures the chosen architect meets the project’s functional, aesthetic, and budgetary requirements. Here’s an overview of the typical steps involved:

1. Defining Project Goals and Requirements

  • The institution or client identifies the purpose of the building, the estimated budget, sustainability goals, and any specific design or functional needs.
  • A detailed Request for Proposal (RFP) or Request for Qualifications (RFQ) is prepared, outlining project objectives, scope, timeline, and submission requirements.

2. Public Announcement or Invitations

  • The RFP/RFQ is distributed through professional networks, industry publications, or procurement platforms.
  • Invitations may also be sent directly to pre-identified firms with expertise in similar projects.

3. Initial Submissions

  • Interested architectural firms submit their qualifications or proposals. These typically include:
    • Firm portfolio: Highlighting past projects, especially in educational architecture.
    • Design approach: How the firm plans to address the project goals.
    • Team composition: Key personnel and their relevant experience.
    • References and certifications.

4. Shortlisting Candidates

  • A committee reviews submissions and shortlists firms based on criteria such as experience, design philosophy, project understanding, and compatibility with the client’s goals.

5. Interviews and Presentations

  • Shortlisted firms are invited for interviews to present their ideas, discuss their approach, and answer questions.
  • Some institutions may request preliminary concept designs to gauge creativity and alignment with the campus’s vision.

6. Evaluation of Proposals

  • Proposals are evaluated based on:
    • Design capability: Innovation, sustainability, and functional design.
    • Experience: Success in similar projects.
    • Cost efficiency: Ability to meet the budget without compromising quality.
    • Cultural fit: Alignment with the institution’s mission and values.

7. Final Selection

  • The committee selects the architect based on scoring, deliberations, and sometimes a voting process.
  • Contract negotiations follow, detailing scope, fees, and deliverables.

8. Community and Stakeholder Engagement

  • In some cases, stakeholders, including faculty, students, and local communities, are involved in providing feedback or participating in design workshops.

9. Formal Approval

  • The governing board of the institution or a similar authority often gives final approval.

This process ensures transparency, accountability, and the selection of the most qualified architect for the project.

 

Related:

American Planning Association

Society for College and University Planning

Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963

Carnegie Classifications

Bechtel Projects

Beauty in a World of Ugliness

Duncan Stroik Architect

American Vitruvius

Robie House

Architecture and Aesthetic Education

Energy Standard for *Sites* and Buildings

September 30, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Addendum av to ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022, Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. This addendum creates more exacting provisions for envelope alterations. The new format is intended to better communicate the requirements, triggers, and allowances associated with performing an envelope alteration to promote energy efficiency within the impacted area(s).  Consultation closes October 6.

ANSI Standards Action Weekly Edition | Given ASHRAE’s revision redlines are frequently uploaded here

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is an ANSI-accredited continuous-maintenance standards developer (a major contributor to what we call a regulatory product development “stream”).   Continuous maintenance means that changes to its consensus products can change in as little as 30 days so it is wise to keep pace.

Among the leading titles in its catalog is ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Standard for Sites and Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.  Standard 90.1 has been a benchmark for commercial building energy codes in the United States and a key basis for codes and standards around the world for more than 35 years.  Free access to ASHRAE 90.1 version is available at the link below:

READ ONLY Version of 2022 ASHRAE 90.1

Redlines are released at a fairly brisk pace — with 30 to 45 day consultation periods.  A related title — ASHRAE 189.1 Standard for the Design of High Performance Green Buildings — first published in 2009 and far more prescriptive in its scope heavily  references parent title 90.1 so we usually them as a pair because 189.1 makes a market for green building conformance enterprises. Note the “extreme prescriptiveness” (our term of art) in 189.1 which has the practical effect of legislating engineering judgement, in our view.

25 January 2023: Newly Released ASHRAE 90.1-2022 Includes Expanded Scope For Building Sites

ASHRAE committees post their redlines at the link below:

Online Standards Actions & Public Review Drafts

Education estate managers, energy conservation workgroups, sustainability officers, electric shop foreman, electricians and front-line maintenance professionals who change lighting fixtures, maintain environmental air systems are encouraged to participate directly in the ASHRAE consensus standard development process.

We also maintain ASHRAE best practice titles as standing items on our Mechanical, Water, Energy and Illumination colloquia.  See our CALENDAR for the next online meeting; open to everyone.

Issue: [Various]

Category: Mechanical, Electrical, Energy Conservation, Facility Asset Management, US Department of Energy, #SmartCampus

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Larry Spielvogel, Richard Robben

Under Construction:  ASHRAE WORKSPACE


More

The fundamental concept in social science is Power, in the same sense in which Energy is the fundamental concept in physics. - Bertrand Russell

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2019: Energy Standard For Buildings

ARCHIVE 2002-2016 / ASHRAE 90.1 ENERGY STANDARD FOR BUILDINGS

US Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program

ASHRAE Guideline 0 The Commissioning Process

Why Software is Eating the World


* Many standards-developing organizations aim to broaden their influence by entering the product standard and certification domain. Although our primary focus is on interoperability standards (within a system of interoperable products), we also consider market dynamics when product performance specifications are incorporated by reference into public law.

2029 National Electrical Code

September 30, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Public input on the 2029 Revision will be received until April 9th. Over the next weeks and months — typically meeting twice a day every Tuesday — we will pull forward our previous proposals and draft original proposals relevant to the education and healthcare electrotechnical infrastructure of educational settlements.  Link to Proposed Reorganization.

Photo at 2723 State Street Office*

Mike was part of the National Electrical Code Quarter Century Club but was at another conference and not able to receive the award at the June conference.  University of Michigan support began in 1993.  IEEE support began in 2014.

*New Office (a short walk across the street) starting October 1: 455 East Eisenhower, Ann Arbor, MI 48108


Current Issues and Recent Research

Today we examine Second Draft transcripts of the Special Equipment Chapter 6 (CMP-12) and product inspection, testing and certification listings that appear Annex A (CMP-1).

 


Once every eighteen months we spend a week drilling into the National Electrical Code by submitting new proposals or comments on proposed revisions.  Today we review the actions taken by the technical committees on the First Draft.   Responses to committee actions will be received until August 26th.

2026 National Electrical Code Workspace


Premise Wiring

Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources “Microgrids”

National Electrical Definitions

Kitchen Wiring

Solarvoltaic PV Systems

Hospital Plug Load

Data Center Wiring

Electrical Inspector Professional Qualifications

Critical Operations Power Systems

Arenas, Lecture Halls & Theaters

Appliances

Emergency and Standby Power Systems

Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps

Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System

Art, Design & Fashion Studios

Wiring for Luminaires in High Ceiling Occupancies

Hegemon Essex & Hauts-de-Seine Counties

September 30, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com
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Square D was founded in 1902 in Detroit, Michigan, by Bryson Dexter Horton and James B. McCarthy as McBride Manufacturing Company, focusing on electrical fuses. By 1908, it became Detroit Fuse and Manufacturing, adopting the iconic “Square D” logo—a “D” in a square—reflecting its Detroit roots.

Renamed Square D in 1917, the company pioneered safety switches and circuit breakers, growing significantly with 18,500 employees and $1.65 billion in sales by 1991. That year, after a competitive 10-week bidding process, French multinational Groupe Schneider S.A. acquired Square D for $2.23 billion, raising its offer from $1.96 billion to $88 per share.

The acquisition, approved by Square D’s board and the U.S. Justice Department, made Schneider Electric the world’s largest electrical distribution equipment manufacturer, integrating Square D’s innovative products into its global energy management portfolio.

Lorem ipsum

Collaborative Standards Development System

September 30, 2025
mike@standardsmichigan.com

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Current Quick Takes:

UL 1650, Standard for Safety for Portable Power Cable (Page 75) | Comment deadline October 26

UL 763, Standard for Safety for Motor-Operated Commercial Food Preparing Machines (Page 81) | Comment deadline October 19

UL 218, Standard for Fire Pump Controllers (Page 78) | October 19


UL’s Collaborative Standards Development System Login

Underwriters Laboratories catalog is heavy on product titles (because manufacturers can build the cost of conformance into the product and pass it on to the user) and light on system interoperability titles (our primary concern).  Many titles are US adaptations of IEC, ITU and ISO titles.  We follow a few when they are heavily referenced into the same interoperability titles such as the National Electrical Code and the International Building Code.   We refer most  — but not all — electrotechnology titles to IEEE E&H).  IEEE E&H meets 4 times monthly and is open to everyone.

Non-electrotechnology titles):

3600 Standard for Measuring and Reporting Circular Economy Aspects of Products, Sites and Organizations (December 6)

Electrotechnology titles: Workspace re-organization should be complete by end of 2022

489 Standard for Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, Molded-Case Switches and Circuit-Breaker (January 16)

1778 Standard for Safety for Uninterruptible Power Systems (January 16)

2201 Standard for Safety for Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission Rate of Portable Generators (December 19)

 3600 Standard for Measuring and Reporting Circular Economy Aspects of Products, Sites and Organizations (December 6)

62990 Standard for Safety for Workplace Atmospheres (October 9)
– 217 Standard for Safety for Smoke Alarms (August 28)
– 1480 Standard for Safety for Speakers for Fire Alarm and Signaling Systems, Including Accessories (November 27)
– 231-202x, Standard for Safety for Power Outlets (September 25)
268 Standard for Safety for Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems (November 13)
– 283 Standard for Central-Station Alarm Services (May 10)
– 325 Standard for Safety for Door, Drapery, Gate, Louver, and Window Operators and Systems (October 3)
– 347A Standard for Safety for Medium Voltage Power Conversion Equipment (April 3)
1004-5 Standard for Safety for Fire Pump Motors (September 12)
– 1072 Standard for Safety for Medium-Voltage Power Cables (September 11)
1998 Standard for Safety for Software in Programmable Components (November 6)
– 2251 Standard for Safety for Plugs, Receptacles, and Couplers for Electric Vehicles (October 10)

– UL 2580 Standard for Safety for Batteries for Use in Electric Vehicles (April 24)

– Standard for Photovoltaic (PV) Modules – Type Approval, Design and Safety Qualification – Retesting (national adoption with modifications of IEC 62915).  The revisions appear to be largely harmonization revisions; updating normative references.  (March 20)

– 2800 Standard for Safety for Medical Device Interoperability.  Referred to IEEE E&H (April 3)

– 347A Standard for Safety for Medium Voltage Power Conversion Equipment (April 3)

– 414 Standard for Safety for Meter Sockets (April 3)

– 347 Standard for Safety for Medium-Voltage AC Contactors, Controllers, and Control Centers (August 14)

– 1996 Standard for Safety for Electric Duct Heaters (August 21)

– 6142 Standard for Small Wind Turbine Systems (August 21)

– 8801 Standard for Safety for Photovoltaic (PV) Luminaire Systems (May 10)

– 61800 Standard for Safety for Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive Systems (April 24)

– 60950 Standard for Safety for Information Technology Equipment (May 9)

– 1480 Standard for Safety for Speakers for Fire Alarm and Signaling Systems, Including Accessories (July 26)

– 2200 Standard for Stationary Engine Generator Assemblies (June 19)

– 2388 Standard for Safety for Flexible Lighting Products (June 20)

2900 Standard for Safety for Software Cybersecurity for Network-Connectable Products (October 11)

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