A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

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A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

January 22, 2024
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A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

Giuseppe Parise – Luigi Martirano – Luigi Parise

Sapienza, University of Rome

Abstract:  The amount of the electrical energy used for the interior lighting of medium and large buildings is generally considerable. The European Standard EN15193 was devised to establish conventions and procedures for the estimation of energy requirements of lighting in buildings by an energy performance numeric indicator. This methodology is based on the three derating factors that consider the influence of the daylight exploitation, the occupancy behavior and, if present, of a constant illuminance sensor. The factors are evaluated by a statistical approach on the basis of general reference data tabulated by the same Standard, not considering more detailed parameters of the control system that can impact severely in the effective energy savings. The Standard methodology appears extremely useful for a preliminary evaluation. For a more accurate evaluation, this paper suggests an improvement of the procedure that considers the effective operation time and occupancy behavior, the type of control and lamps, the number of control groups, the technique of modulation (dimming or switching), and the delay in turning off. The suggested procedure is compared with the Standard one to highlight the improvements.

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Quantum Information Science

January 21, 2024
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Quantum information science is a field of study that combines the principles of quantum mechanics and information theory to develop new methods for processing, storing, and transmitting information. It aims to use the unique properties of quantum systems, such as superposition and entanglement, to create more powerful and secure computing and communication technologies than are possible with classical systems.

In quantum information science, information is represented using quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in superposition states, allowing for simultaneous processing of multiple values. By entangling qubits, it is possible to perform operations on them collectively, leading to faster and more efficient computation.

The field of quantum information science was founded in the 1980s and 1990s by a number of researchers who realized that the principles of quantum mechanics could be used to develop new methods for processing, transmitting, and securing information. Some of the key figures who are credited with founding the field of quantum information science include:

  1. Paul Benioff: In 1981, Benioff proposed the concept of a quantum computer, which would use quantum mechanics to perform calculations faster than a classical computer.
  2. Richard Feynman: In 1982, Feynman gave a lecture in which he proposed the idea of using quantum systems to simulate the behavior of other quantum systems, which later became known as quantum simulation.
  3. David Deutsch: In 1985, Deutsch proposed the concept of a quantum algorithm, which would use quantum mechanics to perform certain calculations exponentially faster than a classical computer.
  4. Peter Shor: In 1994, Shor developed a quantum algorithm for factoring large numbers, which demonstrated the potential of quantum computers to break certain encryption schemes and sparked a renewed interest in quantum information science.

These and other researchers made significant contributions to the development of quantum information science, and the field has since grown to encompass a wide range of topics, including quantum cryptography, quantum communication, and quantum sensing, among others.

 

Quantum Theory of the Electron: Paul Dirac

High Tea

January 21, 2024
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The Idea of a University: John Henry Newman

This tradition has its origins in England during the 18th and 19th centuries.  In the 18th century, the working class would have a substantial meal in the evening after finishing work, and this meal became known as “high tea” because it was eaten at a high, dinner table. It typically included hearty dishes such as meat pies, cold cuts, and other substantial fare.

On the other hand, the upper classes would have a lighter afternoon tea, usually served on low tables. This afternoon tea included finger sandwiches, scones, pastries, and, of course, tea. This more delicate tea was later referred to as “low tea” or “afternoon tea.”

Over time, the distinction between high tea and afternoon tea blurred, and today the term “high tea” is often misused to describe an elegant afternoon tea. However, the original high tea was a working-class meal, while afternoon tea was a more refined social event among the upper classes.

Standards Kansas

Traditional Missam Latinam

January 21, 2024
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Telecommunications Service Entrance Room

January 20, 2024
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Designing a Telecommunications Service Entrance Room (SER) involves careful consideration of various factors to ensure the effective and reliable operation of the telecommunications infrastructure. Here are some typical challenges associated with designing a SER:

  1. Space Constraints:
    • Limited space can be a significant challenge when designing a SER, especially in existing buildings where retrofitting may be necessary.
    • Adequate space is needed for equipment racks, cable management, and future expansion.
  2. Power and Electrical Requirements:
    • Ensuring a stable and reliable power supply for the equipment is crucial. This involves considerations for power redundancy, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, and proper grounding.
    • Compliance with electrical codes and regulations must be addressed.
  3. Cooling and Ventilation:
    • Telecommunications equipment generates heat, and effective cooling is essential to prevent overheating and ensure optimal performance.
    • Adequate ventilation and air conditioning systems must be designed to maintain a suitable operating temperature.
  4. Cable Management:
    • Managing and organizing a large number of cables can be challenging. Proper cable routing, labeling, and documentation are essential for troubleshooting, maintenance, and future upgrades.
  5. Security:
    • Physical security is crucial to protect the telecommunications equipment from unauthorized access and potential tampering.
    • Access control systems, surveillance, and security policies need to be implemented.
  6. Environmental Considerations:
    • Depending on the location of the SER, environmental factors such as humidity, dust, and potential exposure to water or other contaminants need to be addressed.
  7. Scalability and Future Expansion:
    • Designing the SER with future growth in mind is important. The infrastructure should be scalable to accommodate additional equipment and technologies as the organization’s needs evolve.
  8. Equipment Selection:
    • Choosing the right telecommunications equipment for the specific needs of the organization can be challenging. Factors such as compatibility, performance, and vendor support must be considered.
  9. Interoperability:
    • Ensuring that different telecommunications systems and equipment can work seamlessly together is crucial for the overall effectiveness of the SER.
  10. Reliability and Redundancy:
    • Designing for high reliability and redundancy is essential to minimize downtime. This involves redundant power supplies, network connections, and backup systems.

Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach involving telecommunications experts, electrical engineers, facility managers, and IT professionals. Regular maintenance and updates to the SER design should also be part of the overall strategy to ensure ongoing efficiency and effectiveness.

 


Facilities Services: University of Florida

Information Technology: University of Florida

 

 

454c656374726f746563686e6f6c6f6779

January 20, 2024
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If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. - Nikola Tesla

Euler’s Formula

Within the next 90 days the better part of 10,000 pages of codes and standards that assert best practice to safe and sustainable electrotechnologies at the foundation of educational settlements are open for public consultation — primarily in the NFPA and  the ICC catalog; coordinating with the IEEE.  Deadlines run up to January 7th.  Links to passages we need to work on are gathered here.  You are welcomed to join us at 16:00 any day until then.

IBC Chapter 27 Proposal

Energy Standard for *Sites* and Buildings

Guide for Overhead Alternating Current (AC) Transmission Line Design | Comments Due February 2

Proposed Addendum g to Standard 189.3-2021, Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable High-Performance Health Care Facilities | RE: Electrification (December 10)

Does steam from boilers count as a normal combustion source for sterilization processes?

Guide for Collecting and Managing Transmission Line Inspection and Maintenance Data | Comments Due February 5

International Building Code | Electrical

Group A Model Building Codes

2026 National Electrical Code Workspace

2023 National Electrical Safety Code

Daily 16:00 UTC


Keyword: Euler

Skunks

January 19, 2024
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Raccoons

January 19, 2024
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