2 shots espresso (or ½ cup strong brewed coffee)
1 cup milk (dairy or non-dairy like almond, oat, or cashew)
2 tbsp maple syrup (adjust to taste)
¼ tsp vanilla extract (optional)
¼ tsp nut extract (hazelnut, walnut, or almond)
Whipped cream (optional, for topping)
Chopped nuts or nutmeg (optional garnish)
Instructions:
Brew the espresso and pour it into a large mug.
Heat the milk in a saucepan or microwave, then froth it using a whisk, frother, or blender until foamy.
Mix the maple syrup, vanilla extract, and nut extract into the espresso.
Pour the frothed milk over the espresso mixture.
Top with whipped cream and sprinkle with chopped nuts or nutmeg if desired.
The Maple Nut Latte is likely inspired by Vermont’s famous maple syrup industry. Vermont is the largest producer of pure maple syrup in the United States, and maple-flavored food and drinks are a big part of the state’s culinary identity.
Our UVM students (the Chatty Cats) are texting alumni this spring! Be sure to take a minute to chat with them so you stay in the know on everything UVM.
Historically, Vermont was one of the most Republican states in the country. It consistently voted Republican in presidential elections from the party’s founding in the mid-1800s until 1988. Starting in the 1960s and 1970s, Vermont saw an influx of urban progressives from places like New York and Massachusetts seeking escape from the liberal Democrat hellholes they voted for.
Many were part of the back-to-the-land movement, bringing left-leaning political views. Despite Vermont’s deep-blue status at the federal level, the state still elects moderate Republicans at the state level, such as Governor Phil Scott, who is popular for his bipartisan and pragmatic leadership.
“The Liberals are Coming, and They’re Bringing Fancy Coffee” https://t.co/XykfCFYZgVhttps://t.co/exHU6TR2h9
America is changed by flight from miserable Blue States to better Red States—only to import the policies that created the misery they fled from in the first place. pic.twitter.com/OaVVgrTxJr
.@BC_CSON has launched a master’s degree in nurse-midwifery, which aims to address the crisis of maternal mortality and the shortage of maternal health care workers.https://t.co/QGb3FRpR3B
“Chanson de Matin” is characterized by its light, lyrical, and charming melody, which evokes a sense of freshness and optimism associated with the early hours of the day. Elgar is known for his ability to capture various moods and emotions in his compositions.
The station was established in 1977, long before the advent of internet radio, with the goal of providing students a platform for creative expression, entertainment, and community involvement. Initially, it operated as a small, pirate-style radio station, broadcasting on a limited basis to the university campus. It mainly aired music and student-related content. Over time, the station evolved to include news, talk shows, and interviews, becoming an important part of student life and a voice for the university community.
In the early 1980s, after gaining recognition, the station was granted a temporary Restricted Service Licence (RSL) by Ofcom. This allowed it to broadcast legally on an official frequency for short periods. During this time, the station used various FM frequencies, with the exact frequency changing depending on licensing terms and specific broadcast periods.
In the 1990s, ABER Radio received an official license, enabling it to expand its reach and professionalize its operations. With this transition, the station began broadcasting online, offering a diverse range of programming from music and entertainment to news and current affairs. It also provided students with valuable experience in radio production, journalism, and broadcasting.
Our academics are set to test the gut health benefits of a seaweed extract as part of efforts to improve the nation’s health.
✍️ Our Centre for Creativity & Wellbeing is running a ‘Marginalised Writers TakeOver Day’ on Saturday 13 July to empower marginalised writers to make their voices heard.
Gun Control and the American Spirit of Independence
The Second Amendment is not merely about guns — it is the constitutional bedrock of individual sovereignty that makes America’s world-class universities possible. Not “The Collective” not “The Party”; the Individual. The larger part of US education industry today never learned this in their own schooling or willfully ignore it to “get along” with the partisans of large government who enjoy a fairly comfortable life administering public policy.
In nations where firearms are banned — nations that send their young people to American universities to acquire an American university “cattlebrand” — those national governments centralize power in the name of “safety,” gradually expanding control over speech, education, and opportunity.
America’s founders rejected that path. They understood that an armed citizenry deters tyranny: if the state cannot disarm the people, it cannot easily silence them, confiscate their property, or dictate what professors may teach or what students may debate.
This single right reinforced every other liberty in the Bill of Rights. It helped create a culture of self-reliance and limited government that unleashed unprecedented innovation and wealth. That wealth built — and continues to sustain — the research labs, libraries, scholarships, and merit-based admissions that drew you here. Harvard, MIT, Stanford, and hundreds of others flourish precisely because they operate in a society where individuals — not the state — hold ultimate power. Academic freedom, open inquiry, and global talent pipelines exist because the government fears overstepping a free people that are guaranteed, by law, the hardware to shoot back at it.
Admittedly, and far more frequently than is tolerable, educational settlements pay a very, very heavy price for this right. Educational settlements should originate at the family kitchen table.
Your student visas, cutting-edge classes, and future careers in a dynamic economy are the downstream benefits of that same founding principle. Without the Second Amendment’s guarantee of an armed, empowered populace, the United States would likely resemble the more regulated societies you left behind — offering fewer breakthroughs and fewer seats for ambitious international students like you.
In short, the right to bear arms helped secure the liberty that funds your American dream of an American education on your resume.
Winslow Homer, “The Army of the Potomac–A Sharp-Shooter on Picket Duty” 1862
NCAA Rifle Competition began in 1980 and features both men’s and women’s teams competing together. The competition includes smallbore and air rifle events, with each athlete shooting in both disciplines.
The two primary events are smallbore rifle (also known as .22 caliber) and air rifle (using a .177 caliber air gun). Competitions typically involve both individual and team scoring, with athletes shooting a series of targets from different distances and positions.
Several U.S. colleges and universities have competitive rifle teams that participate in NCAA rifle competitions. Some of the notable institutions include:
University of Alaska Fairbanks
West Virginia University
University of Kentucky
Texas Christian University (TCU)
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Murray State University
Ohio State University
University of Akron
United States Military Academy (Army)
University of Memphis
North Carolina State University
Jacksonville State University
Morehead State University
University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)
U.S. Naval Academy (Navy)
The NCAA rifle competition serves as a pipeline for athletes aiming to compete in international events, including the Olympics where it was part of the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896. Rifle events scheduled for the 2024 Olympics include:
10m Air Rifle (Men and Women): Athletes will shoot from a standing position using a .177 caliber air rifle at a distance of 10 meters.
50m Rifle Three Positions (Men and Women): Competitors will shoot from kneeling, prone, and standing positions using a .22 caliber smallbore rifle at a distance of 50 meters.
Mixed Team 10m Air Rifle: Teams composed of one male and one female shooter will compete together in the 10m air rifle event.
Mike Anthony is ID Number 469 | Proposal period closes 11:59 PM US Pacific Time | May 15
Meeting Notes in red
Loss of electric power and internet service happens more frequently and poses at least an equal — if not greater threat — to public safety. So why does neither the National Electrical Code or the National Electrical Safety Code integrate reliability into their core requirements? Reliability requirements appear in a network of related documents, either referenced, or incorporated by reference; sometimes automatically, sometimes not.
NESC Main Committee Membership: Page xii
Apart from the IEEE as the accredited standards developer, there are no “pure non-government user-interests” on this committee; although ANSI’s Essential Requirements for balance of interests provides highly nuanced interpretation. The Classifications on Page xiii represents due diligence on meeting balance of interest requirements.
In our case, we are one of many large universities that usually own district energy plants that both generate and purchase generate electric power (as sometimes provide var support to utilities when necessary; as during the August 2003 North American outage). For University of Michigan, for example, has about 20 service points at 4.8 – 120 kV. Its Central Power Plant is the largest cogeneration plant on the DTE system.
Contents: Page xxviii | PDF Page 29
Absence of internet service is at least as much a hazard, and more frequent, than downed wires. Is there a standards solution? Consideration of interoperability of internet service power supported on utility poles should track in the next revision.
No mention of any reliability related IEEE reliability standards in the present edition. Why is this?
Section 2: Definitions of Special Terms| PDF Page 46
In the 2023 Handbook, the term “reliability” shows up 34 times.
availability (from Bob Arno’s IEEE 3006-series and IEEE 493 Gold Book revision)
reliability (Bob Arno)
utility (PDF Page 57)
communication | PDF Page 47
list of terms defined in the 2023 National Electrical Code that are new and relevant to this revision: (Article 100 NEC)
municipal broadband network, digital subscriber line, surveillance cameras
wireless communication system
010. Purpose | PDF Page 40
Looks like improvement since last edition. Suggest explicit Informational Note, as in the NEC, using “reliability” and referring to other agencies. “Abnormal events” could be tighter and refer to other standards for abnormal, steady-state events. The clarification of purpose is welcomed although a great deal remains uncovered by other best practice literature; though that can be repaired in this edition.
Legacy of shared circuit path standards. Should provisions be made for municipal surveillance, traffic and vehicle control infrastructure. What would that look like?
011. Scope | Covered PDF Page 40
3. Utility facilities and functions of utilities that either (a) generate energy by conversion from some other form of energy such as, but not limited to, fossil fuel, chemical, electrochemical, nuclear, solar, mechanical, wind or hydraulic or communication signals, or accept energy or communication signals from another entity, or (b) provide that energy or communication signals through a delivery point to another entity.
5. Utility facilities and functions on the line side of the service point supplied by underground or overhead conductors maintained and/or installed under exclusive control of utilities located on public or private property in accordance with legally established easements or rights-of-way, contracts, other agreements (written or by conditions of service), or as authorized by a regulating or controlling body. NOTE: Agreements to locate utility facilities on property may be required where easements are either (a) not obtainable (such as locating utility facilities on existing rights-of-way of railroads or other entities, military bases, federal lands, Native American reservations, lands controlled by a port authority, or other governmental agency), or (b) not necessary (such as locating facilities necessary for requested service to a site).
012. General Rules | Covered PDF Page 42
For all particulars not specified, but within the scope of these rules, as stated in Rule 011A, design, construction, operation, and maintenance should be done in accordance with accepted good practice for the given local conditions known at the time by those responsible for the communication or supply lines and equipment
General purpose clause could use some work since no definition of “accepted good practice”. Refer to IEEE bibliography.
Section 2: Definition of special terms | PDF Page 46
Recommendations elsewhere should track here.
The word “installation” appears 256 times and is generally understood in context by experts. Suggest borrow from NEC to clarify our concern for including co-linear/communication circuits.
conduit. exclusive control, lines, photovoltaic, NEC interactive. qualified
Section 3: Reference
NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code® (NEC®). [Rules 011B4 NOTE, 099C NOTE 1, and 127
IEEE Std 4™-1995, IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing. [Table 410-2 and Table 410-3]
IEEE Std 516™-2009, IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power-Lines. [Rules 441A4
NOTE 2, 446B1, and 446D3 NOTE, and Table 441-5, Footnote 4]
IEEE Std 1427™-2006, IEEE Guide for Recommended Electrical Clearances and Insulation Levels in
Air-Insulated Electrical Power Substations. [Rule 124A1 NOTE, Table 124-1, 176 NOTE, and 177 NOTE]
IEEE Std 1584™-2002, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations. [Table 410-1,
Footnotes 1, 3, 6, and 14]
IEEE Std C62.82.1™-2010, IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination—Definitions, Principles, and Rules.
[Table 124-1 Footnote 5]
Add references to Gold Book, 1386, etc. IEC since multinationals conform.
Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | PDF Page 111
Has anyone confirmed that these tables match NEC Table 495.24 lately? If it helps: there were no meaningful changes in the 2023 NEC in Article 495, the high voltage article
Section 11. Protective arrangements in electric supply stations | PDF Page 77
A safety sign shall be displayed on or beside the door or gate at each entrance. For fenced or walled electric supply stations without roofs, a safety sign shall be displayed on each exterior side of the fenced or wall enclosure. Where the station is entirely enclosed by walls and roof, a safety sign is required only at ground level entrances. Where entrance is gained through sequential doors, the safety sign should be located at the inner door position. (A clarification but no change. See Standards Michigan 2017 proposals)
Recommend that all oil-filled cans be removed and services upgraded through energy regulations with new kVA ratings
Section 12: Installation and maintenance of equipment
093. Grounding conductor and means of connection
Fences The grounding conductor for fences required to be effectively grounded by other parts of this Code shall meet the requirements of Rule 093C5 or shall be steel wire not smaller than Stl WG No. 5.
D. Guarding and protection | PDF Page 67
124. Guarding live parts| PDF Page 85
Propose roofs required for exterior installations
Part 2. Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | Page 72
Section 22. Relations between various classes of lines and equipment | Page 80
222. Joint use of structures | Page 82
Where the practice of joint use is mutually agreed upon by the affected utilities, facilities shall be subject to the appropriate grade of construction specified in Section 24. Joint use of structures should be
considered for circuits along highways, roads, streets, and alleys. The choice between joint use of structures and separate lines shall be determined through cooperative consideration with other joint
users of all the factors involved, including the character of circuits, worker safety, the total number and weight of conductors, tree conditions, number and location of branches and service drops, structure
conflicts, availability of right-of-way, etc.
Reliability considerations for sustaining internet service when power supply is absent.
Par2 Section 20 Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Overhead Electric Supply and Communication Line | PDF Page 111
Has anyone confirmed that these tables match NEC Table 495.24 lately?
Part 3. Safety Rules for the Installation and Maintenance of Underground Electric Supply and Communication Lines | Page 220
Renewable energy for internet access
311. Installation and maintenance
A. Persons responsible for underground facilities shall be able to indicate the location of their facilities.
B. Reasonable advance notice should be given to owners or operators of other proximate facilities that
may be adversely affected by new construction or changes in existing facilities.
C. For emergency installations, supply and communication cables may be laid directly on grade if the
cables do not unreasonably obstruct pedestrian or vehicular traffic and either:
1. The cables are covered, enclosed, or otherwise protected, or
2. The locations of the cables are conspicuous.
Supply cables operating above 600 V shall meet either Rule 230C or 350B.
NOTE: See Rules 014B2 and 230A2d.
Part 4. Work Rules for the Operation of Electric Supply and Communications Lines and Equipment | PDF Page 289
When and why was the term “Work” added to the title of this section?
Core text for the definition of wireless communication system reliability
Appendix E Bibliography| PDF Page 355
Index | PDF Page 398
The word “reliability” appears only three times. Should it track in the NESC or should it track in individual state requirements. So neither the NEC nor the NESC couples closely with power and communication reliability; despite the enormity and speed of research.
Today at the usual hour we examine the codes and standards that inform the deployment of distributed antenna systems for private 5G networks. While not every campus has full small cell density yet (deployment is ongoing and varies by size/location), it’s increasingly common on major ones to support “smart campus” initiatives and handle peak loads during athletic events such as football stadiums we know rather well.
Federal Regulations (Primarily FCC)
FCC Small Cell Order (FCC 18-133, 2018, with ongoing updates/clarifications through 2025): Defines “small wireless facilities” (e.g., antennas ≤3 cubic feet, equipment ≤28 cubic feet total, structures ≤50 feet or limited height increases). Establishes “shot clocks” (presumptive review timelines: 60 days for collocations on existing structures, 90 days for new builds). Limits state/local fees (presumptive caps: ~$500 one-time, ~$270 annual recurring, unless justified by actual costs). Prohibits regulations that “prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting” service under Sections 253 and 332(c)(7) of the Communications Act. Allows reasonable, objective, published aesthetic requirements if no more burdensome than for other infrastructure.
FCC RF Exposure Limits (updated 2019–2020, reaffirmed in recent proceedings): Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) guidelines for general public (e.g., ~580–1,000 µW/cm² depending on frequency) and occupational limits. All small cells must comply; local governments are preempted from regulating based on RF health/environmental effects if compliant. Requires RF compliance reports/certification in applications.
NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) and NHPA (National Historic Preservation Act) Streamlining: FCC has categorical exclusions/exemptions for many small cell deployments to speed environmental and historic reviews.
Section 6409(a) of the Spectrum Act (2012, codified at 47 U.S.C. § 1455(a)): Mandates approval of collocation/modification requests on existing structures unless it substantially changes physical dimensions (with clarifications on concealment elements).
Electrical and Safety Codes
National Electrical Code (NEC, NFPA 70): Applies to wiring, grounding, power distribution, surge protection, and service equipment for small cell installations (e.g., power supplies, rectifiers, enclosures). Often referenced for Class 2/Class 4 power systems in remote powering setups.
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC): Governs utility pole attachments, clearances, climbing space, and overhead/underground installations (critical for pole-mounted small cells).
Structural and Engineering Standards
ANSI/TIA-222 (Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures, Antennas, and Small Auxiliary Structures, latest revisions e.g., -H or -I): Primary standard for structural design, wind/ice loading, risk categorization (often Risk Category I or II for small cells), foundation, and mounting on poles/towers. Used for pole modifications, new small cell poles, and load calculations.
International Building Code (IBC) / ASCE 7: Often cross-referenced with TIA-222 for seismic, wind, and load requirements in structural reviews.
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) standards: For attachments near roadways or on traffic poles.
Other Relevant Standards and Guidelines
3GPP Technical Specifications: For 5G NR (New Radio) air interface, equipment interoperability, and performance (e.g., Release 15+ for standalone 5G).
Small Cell Forum Documents: Industry best practices (e.g., definitions, siting considerations, product specs), though not mandatory codes.
State-Specific Small Cell Laws: Many states (e.g., Utah, Texas, California, Colorado) have statutes streamlining permitting, capping fees, setting ROW access rules, and aligning with FCC preemption (e.g., Texas Chapter 284, Utah Small Wireless Facilities Deployment Act).
Local Design/Aesthetic Guidelines: Cities (e.g., Denver, San José, Salt Lake City) adopt standards for concealment, placement, height, materials, and integration (must be reasonable/objective per FCC to avoid preemption).
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code is one of the core National Fire Protection Association titles widely incorporated by reference into public safety legislation. NFPA 72 competes with titles of “similar” scope — International Fire Code — developed by the International Code Council. We place air quotes around the word similar because there are gaps and overlaps depending upon whether or not each is adopted partially or whole cloth by the tens of thousands of jurisdictions that need both.
Our contact with NFPA 72 dates back to the early 2000’s when the original University of Michigan advocacy enterprise began challenging the prescriptive requirements for inspection, testing and maintenance (IT&M) in Chapter 14. There are hundreds of fire alarm shops, and thousands of licensed fire alarm technicians in the education facility industry and the managers of this cadre of experts needed leadership in supporting their lower #TotalCostofOwnership agenda with “code-writing and vote-getting”. There was no education industry trade association that was even interested, much less effective, in this space so we had to do “code writing and vote getting” ourselves (See ABOUT).
Code writing and vote getting means that you gather data, develop relationships with like minded user-interests, find agreement where you can, then write proposals and defend them at NFPA 72 technical committee meetings for 3 to 6 years. Prevailing in the Sturm und Drang of code development for 3 to 6 years should be within the means of business units of colleges and universities that have been in existence for 100’s of years. The real assets under the stewardship of these business units are among the most valuable real assets on earth.
Consider the standard of care for inspection, testing and maintenance. Our cross-cutting experience in over 100 standards suites allows us to say with some authority that, at best the IT&M tables of NFPA 72 Chapter 14 present easily enforceable criteria for IT&M of fire alarm and signaling systems. At worst, Chapter 14 is a solid example of market-making by incumbent interests as the US standards system allows. Many of the IT&M requirements can be modified for a reliability, or risk-informed centered maintenance program but fire and security shops in the education industry are afraid to apply performance standards because of risk exposure. This condition is made more difficult in large universities that have their own maintenance and enforcement staff. The technicians see opportunities to reduce IT&M frequencies — thereby saving costs for the academic unit facility managers — the enforcement/compliance/conformity/risk management professionals prohibit the application of performance standards. They want prescriptive standards for bright line criteria to make their work easier to measure.
While we have historically focused on Chapter 14 we have since expanded our interest into communication technologies within buildings since technicians and public safety personnel depend upon them. Content in Annex G — Guidelines for Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings and Campuses — is a solid starting point and reflects of our presence when the guidance first appeared in the 2016 Edition. We shall start with a review of the most recent transcript of the NFPA Technical Committee on Testing and Maintenance of Fire Alarm and Signaling Systems
Public comment of the First Draft of the 2025 Edition is receivable until May 31, 2023. As always, we encourage direct participation in the NFPA process by workpoint experts with experience, data and even strong opinions about shortcomings and waste in this discipline. You may key in your proposals on the NFPA public input facility linked below:
You will need to set up a (free) NFPA TerraView account. Alternatively, you may join us any day at 11 AM US Eastern time or during our Prometheus or Radio colloquia. See our CALENDAR for the online meeting.
Issue: [15-213]
Category: Fire Safety & Security, #SmartCampus, Informatics
Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Joe DeRosier, Josh Elvove, Jim Harvey, Marcelo Hirschler
New update alert! The 2022 update to the Trademark Assignment Dataset is now available online. Find 1.29 million trademark assignments, involving 2.28 million unique trademark properties issued by the USPTO between March 1952 and January 2023: https://t.co/njrDAbSpwBpic.twitter.com/GkAXrHoQ9T
