A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

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A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

September 10, 2024
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A Procedure to Estimate the Energy Requirements for Lighting

Giuseppe Parise – Luigi Martirano – Luigi Parise

Sapienza, University of Rome

Abstract:  The amount of the electrical energy used for the interior lighting of medium and large buildings is generally considerable. The European Standard EN15193 was devised to establish conventions and procedures for the estimation of energy requirements of lighting in buildings by an energy performance numeric indicator. This methodology is based on the three derating factors that consider the influence of the daylight exploitation, the occupancy behavior and, if present, of a constant illuminance sensor. The factors are evaluated by a statistical approach on the basis of general reference data tabulated by the same Standard, not considering more detailed parameters of the control system that can impact severely in the effective energy savings. The Standard methodology appears extremely useful for a preliminary evaluation. For a more accurate evaluation, this paper suggests an improvement of the procedure that considers the effective operation time and occupancy behavior, the type of control and lamps, the number of control groups, the technique of modulation (dimming or switching), and the delay in turning off. The suggested procedure is compared with the Standard one to highlight the improvements.

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Football Field Lighting

September 10, 2024
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After athletic arena life safety obligations are met (governed legally by NFPA 70, NFPA 101, NFPA 110,  the International Building Code and possibly other state adaptations of those consensus documents incorporated by reference into public safety law) business objective standards come into play.   The illumination of the competitive venue itself figures heavily into the quality of digital media visual experience and value.

For almost all athletic facilities,  the consensus documents of the Illumination Engineering Society[1], the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers[2][3] provide the first principles for life safety.  For business purposes, the documents distributed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association inform the standard of care for individual athletic arenas so that swiftly moving media production companies have some consistency in power sources and illumination as they move from site to site.  Sometimes concepts to meet both life safety and business objectives merge.

The NCAA is not a consensus standard developer but it does maintain a library of recommended practice documents for lighting the venues for typical competition and competition that is televised.

NCAA Best Lighting Practices

 It welcomes feedback from subject matter experts and front line facility managers.

Our own monthly walk-through of athletic and recreation facility codes and standards workgroup meets monthly.  See our CALENDAR for the next Sport or Lighting teleconferences; open to everyone.

Often called “The Big House” Michigan Stadium is the largest football stadium in the world.

Issue: [15-138]

Category: Electrical, Architectural, Lively, Athletics

Colleagues: Mike Anthony, Jim Harvey, Jack Janveja, George Reiher


[1] Illumination Engineering Handbook | Sports and Recreational Area Lighting

[2] IEEE 3001.9 Recommended Practice for Design of Power Systems for Supplying Lighting Systems for Commercial & Industrial Facilities

[3] IEEE 3006.1 Power System Reliability

[4]  The Measurement Method of Light Distribution Emitted from Sports Facilities Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

[5] Slaton High School Tiger Stadium Lighting Case Study

[6] Liberty High School Football Stadium Case Study

 

Timekeeping

September 9, 2024
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“Time, the devourer of all things.”
Ovid, “Metamorphoses”

“Time is an illusion:” — Albert Einstein

Today we examine best practice literature for timekeeping in educational settlements, with special interest in metering the academic “day” and timekeeping in athletic competition.   Time is the most measured quantity on earth; its significance worthy of a “periodic” revisit at the beginning of every semester, at the usual hour.

Schools, Colleges, and Universities

Structured Learning: Educational settlement rely on timekeeping to ensure that classes and activities start and end punctually. This structure – deadlines, for example — maintains a consistent learning environment.

Scheduling: Timely adherence to schedules allows for the efficient use of resources, such as classrooms, laboratories, and libraries, ensuring that these are available when needed.

Examinations: Accurate timekeeping is essential for starting and ending examinations on time, which helps in maintaining fairness and integrity.

Coordination: Timekeeping helps in coordinating various activities, such as extracurricular events, sports, and meetings, ensuring that they do not clash and that participants can attend multiple activities without conflict.

Horologiorum

Hospitals

Patient Care: Timekeeping is vital in hospitals to ensure that patients receive timely medical attention, medications, and treatments, which can be critical for their recovery and health outcomes.

Shift Management: Accurate timekeeping is essential for managing staff shifts, ensuring that there is always adequate medical and support staff available to attend to patients.

Appointments: Punctuality in scheduling and maintaining appointments helps in reducing wait times and improving the overall patient experience.

Emergency Response: Timekeeping is crucial in emergency situations where every second counts. It helps in tracking response times and improving the efficiency of emergency services.

Medical Procedures: Many medical procedures and tests are time-sensitive. Accurate timekeeping ensures that these are performed correctly and within the required timeframes.

Systeme International d’Unites

“Juvet Time Globe” / Smithsonian Institution

Athletic Competition

Measurement of Performance: Timekeeping technology provides precise and accurate measurements of athletes’ performance. This is essential for determining winners, setting records, and assessing personal bests.

Consistency: High-quality timekeeping technology ensures consistent measurements across different events and competitions, which is vital for maintaining the integrity of the sport.

Accurate Judging: In events where timing is crucial, such as track and field, swimming, and cycling, accurate timekeeping ensures that the correct winners are declared and that records are recognized legitimately.

Close Finishes: Advanced timekeeping technology, such as photo-finish cameras, can distinguish between competitors in extremely close races, providing clear and indisputable results.

Regulatory Requirements: Many sports have strict regulations regarding timing equipment and procedures. Compliance with these standards ensures that competitions are conducted fairly and uniformly across different levels and regions.

Engineering in Sport

Timing standards, particularly the definition of the second and the maintenance of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), do not change very much.  Changes in measuring technology and synchronization do change and are managed through national and international weights and measures consortia.


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Time Standards

Time Radio: WWVH Kauai Station ID

Time & Frequency Services

September 9, 2024
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The National Institute of Standards and Technology is responsible for maintaining and disseminating official time in the United States. While NIST does not have a direct role in implementing clock changes for daylight saving time, it does play an important role in ensuring that timekeeping systems across the country are accurate and consistent.

Prior to the implementation of daylight saving time, NIST issues public announcements reminding individuals and organizations to adjust their clocks accordingly. NIST also provides resources to help people synchronize their clocks, such as the time.gov website and the NIST radio station WWV.

In addition, NIST is responsible for developing and maintaining the atomic clocks that are used to define Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the international standard for timekeeping. UTC is used as the basis for all civil time in the United States, and it is the reference time used by many systems, including the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the internet.

Overall, while NIST does not have a direct role in implementing clock changes for daylight saving time, it plays an important role in ensuring that timekeeping systems across the country are accurate and consistent, which is essential for the smooth implementation of any changes to the system.

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Time Realization and Distribution

Horologiorum

Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research

September 9, 2024
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Apollo – Helios Driving The Chariot Of The Sun, 1517-18

“DIFFER” is a research institute domiciled at TU/e that is focused on advancing the development of sustainable energy technologies, such as fusion energy and solar fuels. It conducts fundamental research on plasma physics and materials science to understand the behavior of matter at extremely high temperatures and under extreme conditions.

DIFFER also collaborates with universities, research institutions, and industry partners to translate their research into practical applications. The institute’s ultimate goal is to develop new and innovative solutions to meet the world’s growing demand for energy while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact.  

Among its findings and recommendations: “Electrochemical Production of Ammonia from Renewable Energy: A Thermodynamic Analysis” published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society in 2018, which evaluated the thermodynamic feasibility of using renewable energy to produce ammonia, an important fertilizer, through electrochemical processes.

N.B. Ammonia can be deployed for energy conservation purposes in various ways, such as:

  1. Energy storage: Ammonia can be used as a means of storing energy from renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, in the form of chemical energy. This stored energy can be released by converting ammonia back into electricity through fuel cells or by burning it in a combustion engine.
  2. Power generation: Ammonia can be used directly as a fuel in combustion engines or turbines to generate electricity, without emitting greenhouse gases or other harmful pollutants.
  3. Heating and cooling: Ammonia can be used as a refrigerant or heat transfer fluid in industrial processes, air conditioning systems, or district heating networks, reducing the energy required for cooling and heating.
  4. Fuel for transportation: Ammonia can be used as a fuel for ships, trains, or other heavy-duty vehicles, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.

However, it is worth noting that the deployment of ammonia for energy conservation purposes requires the development of suitable technologies for its production, transportation, and storage, as well as the necessary infrastructure to support its use.

Nederland

Mabon Breakfast

September 8, 2024
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Tufts University Financial Statement: $4.602B 

Standards Massachusetts

The word “fecund” comes from the Latin word “fecundus,” which means fertile or fruitful. Historically, it has been used to describe land, animals, or people that are capable of producing abundant offspring or vegetation.

The term conveys a sense of richness and productivity, often associated with fertility and the ability to generate new life or growth. In a broader sense, it can also be applied metaphorically to describe creative or intellectual productivity.

“The Harvesters” 1565 | Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Related:

Boston Public Library: The Origins and Practices of Mabon

Standards Michigan: Kitchen Safety & Sustainability

 

Sabbath

September 8, 2024
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Point Loma University

Point Loma Nazarene University | San Diego County California

 

Loma Linda University | San Bernardino County California


Loma Linda University (LLU) is the institution run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is located in Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California. Point Loma Nazarene University (PNLU), located in San Diego County, is affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene and is not associated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

2022 Christmas Candlelight Concert

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